Isorhamnetin

Thrombin 6 receptor activating peptide (TRAP-6), collagen, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antimycin (AA), citrate-dextrose solution, mepacrine, dihydroethidium (DHE), intracellular calcium fluorescence indicator (Fluo-3-AM), and trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). FITC annexin V apoptosis, PE mouse IgG1 isotype control, and FITC mouse anti-human CD61 were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). Isorhamnetin was obtained from Cayman Chemical, USA. All assays incorporated as vehicle control dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.2%.

Nine chemicals known to be present in Ginkgo biloba were obtained from various suppliers: bilobalide (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, United States), ginkgolide A (LKT Laboratories, St. Paul, MN, United States), ginkgolic acid C15:1, ginkgolide B, isorhamnetin, and quercetin (Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI, United States), ginkgotoxin and rutin (Sigma Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, United States), kaempferol (Enzo Life Sciences Inc., Farmingdale, NY, United States) (Supplementary Figure S2).

Myricetin, 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl ethanol, homovanillic acid sulfate, equol, genistein, phloretin, kaempferol, enterolactone, hesperetin, isorhamnetin, protocatechuic acid, trans-resveratrol, roseoflavin, pyrogallol, isoferulic acid, urolithin A, phloroglucinol, (R)-γ-valerolactone and freight were purchased from Cayman company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Other polyphenol standards were purified in-house through chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry/NMR confirmation. Authentic standards corresponding to the measured metabolites were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) or IROA Technologies (Boston, MA, USA). The stable isotope-labeled amino acid mix (20 AA U-13C, 97–99%; U-15N, 97–99%) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA, USA). HPLC-MS-grade acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, and acetic acid were all purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).