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7 protocols using hydrochloric acid (hcl)

1

Preparation of MAX Phase and Composites

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Lithium fluoride (LiF, 99.9%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), anhydrous zinc acetate (CH6O4Zn, 99.5%), polyetherimide (PEI, RG), methanol (CH3OH, 99.9%), and acetone (C3H6O, 99.9%) were purchased from Adamas. The Ti3AlC2 MAX phase (400 mesh) was purchased from 11 Technology Co. Ltd. (Jilin, China). Hexamethyleneimine (C6H13N, 98%) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, AR) were purchased from Aladdin reagents. All chemicals were used as purchased without further purification.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of FITC-PEI Conjugate

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All chemicals were of analytical grade and used directly without further purification. Manganese chloride (MnCl2), potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, K30), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)、polyethyleneimine (PEI), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Adamas-beta, Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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3

Synthesis of Functionalized Silica Nanomaterials

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All chemicals were used as received. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4; 98%) and hydrochloric acid (37%) were purchased from Adamas-Beta. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), n-hexyltriethyoxysilane, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Sinoreagent Chemistry. Ethanol, isopropanol, and (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane were purchased from Aladdin. Triethanolamine (TEA) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Glassy carbon (10 × 10 × 2 mm) was purchased from Gaoss Union. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm, total organic carbon < 3 ppm) was used throughout this work.
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4

Synthesis of Cyano-Functionalized Materials

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1,4-dicyanobenzene, dicyandiamide, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were supplied by Shanghai Titan Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were supplied by Adamas (Shanghai, China). N’N-Dimethylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and acetone were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich and Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals and solvents used for synthesis were purchased from commercial sources and used as received without any further purification.
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5

Chemical Reagent Preparation Protocol

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Ethanol, isobutanol,
butanol, ethylene glycol, hydrochloric acid, Sb2O3, SnCl·2H2O, NaOH, and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O were purchased from Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd.
These analytical grade chemicals were used without further purification
unless stated otherwise.
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6

Titanium Dioxide Superhydrophobic Coating

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2, spherical particles, particle size 20~30 nm) and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP, 99%) were supplied by Aladdin, Wallingford, CT, USA. Tetrabutyl titanate (TBT, AR, 98%), acetic acid (CH3COOH, 99.9%), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, AR, 36~38%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ACS, 97%), sodium chloride (NaCl, AR), and n-hexadecane (RG, 98%) were all supplied by Adamas, Emeryville, CA, USA. Anhydrous ethanol (EtOH, AR, 99.5%) and mineral oil (RG, 99%) were supplied by Greagent, Ringoes, NJ, USA. Soybean oil was supplied by Luhua, Yantai, China.
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7

Fluorescent Polymer Synthesis and Conjugation

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N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS), potassium persulfate (KPS), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) were bought from Adamas-beta (Shanghai, China). 5-Aminofluorescein (5-AF) was obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were obtained from sinopharm (Shanghai, China).
Styrene (St) and acrylic acid (AA) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China) and reserved to use after distillation under reduced pressure. Phosphate buffer (PB, pH = 7.2) and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid buffer (MES, pH = 5.5) were formulated before the coupling experiments.
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