Sodium caseinate

Sodium alginate with a medium viscosity and high mannuronic acid without inulin were purchased from Hi-media (Mumbai). They were prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. The low-molecular-weight chitosan (deacetylated chitin, Hi-Media, Laboratories Mumbai), was prepared in distilled water and pure hydrochloric acid (Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India). Xanthan gum, gum acacia, and carrageenan were purchased from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India. Starch, sodium caseinate, pepsin, trypsin, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Glacial acetic acid with molar mass of 60.05 g mol⁻¹ was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pancreatin, peptone, and bile salt were obtained from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai, India). The De Man Rogosa and Sharpes (MRS) broth and MRS agar used in this work were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai). Indicator microorganisms used for the antimicrobial activity; i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC No-432), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No-96), and Bacillus cereus (MTCC No-430), were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH; Chandigarh, India).