Acrylamide am

${\text{ZrO}}_2$ dispersion is made by dispersing the commercially available yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic powder (Shanghai Yaoyi alloy material Co., Ltd., China, 1 $\mathrm{\mu }\text{m}$ ; purity $\ge$ 99.99 wt.%) into the deionized water of the same volume. 0.5 wt.% SN-dispersant 5040 (Yixing Kexin Chemical Co., Ltd., China) is added based on the powder as dispersant. The composite suspension is ball-milled for 24 h in a planetary ball mill (rotating at 450 r/min) containing ${\text{ZrO}}_2$ balls. Acrylamide (AM, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., AR), N,N ${}^{\prime }$ -methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM, Shangdong Xiya chemical Co., Ltd., AR) and PI are used as monomer, cross-linker and photoinitiator, respectively. AM is 9 w/v % based on ${\text{ZrO}}_2$ dispersion, MBAM is 1/6 of AM, the PI is 4 v/v % of the whole solution.

Acrylamide (AM, AR) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS, AR) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, AR), ammonium persulfate (APS, AR), and sodium chloride (NaCl, AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Tertiary dodecyl mercaptan (TDDM, AR) was purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).