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4 protocols using ab27766

1

Skin Biopsy and Histological Analysis in MSA

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Open skin biopsies from the distal part of the right leg (10 cm above the external malleous) were performed in two MSA patients (patient 1 and patient 4) with GGC repeat expansions of the NOTCH2NLC gene. A part of the specimen was fixed by 4% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4‐mm‐thick sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The immunohistochemical stains were performed with anti‐p62 antibody (ab56416, Abcam) and alpha‐synuclein (ab27766, Abcam). For electron microscopy, a part of specimens was initially fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, subsequently fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections were examined through electron microscope (JEOL‐1230, Japan).
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Protein Extraction and Western Blotting Protocol

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Total cell extracts were prepared in lysis buffer containing 62.5 mM Tris–HCl, 2% (w/v) SDS and 10% sucrose (pH 8) supplemented with EDTA-free protease (Roche, 04693159001) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (Roche, 04906837001) and sonicated four times at 60 Hz for 10 s on ice. Fractionation experiments after overexpression of aggregation-prone proteins were performed as described earlier [56 (link)] and specified in the Supplemental Methods. For Western blotting, equal amounts of proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions. Proteins were transferred on nitrocellulose membrane and proteins were detected by specific antibodies recognizing SQSTM1 (Progen, GP62-C), LC3B (Novus, NB-100-2220), FLAG (Sigma, F1804), tubulin (Sigma, T9026), SOD1 (Epitomics, 2018-1), ATG9A (Abcam, ab108338), histone H3 (Abcam, ab47915), α-synuclein (Abcam, ab27766), and DNAJC13 (kind gift from M. Farrer, Vancouver, and P. McPherson, Montreal, Canada). Species-specific secondary antibodies coupled to horseradish peroxidase (Dianova) were used to develop the Western blot with the Fusion system (Peqlab) or the Amersham Imager 600 (GE). Densitometry was performed with the AIDA software (Raytest) or ImageJ.
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Protein Expression Analysis in Rat Tissues

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Each sample of NG or NTS, LVAW, and TA tissue was extracted from 3–4 rats or 1 rat, respectively. The total protein was incubated at 4°C for 1 h in RIPA buffer containing 1% protease inhibitor. The protein extracts were separated on 12% SDS‐PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, which were further blocked with 5% non‐fat dry milk for 2 h, and then incubated at 4°C overnight with the primary antibodies anti‐GAPDH (Abcam Cat # G8795), anti‐β‐actin (Wanleibio, WL01845), anti‐tyrosine hydroxylase (Abcam, ab129991), and anti‐α‐synuclein (Abcam, ab27766), respectively, followed by incubation with the appropriate secondary antibodies (anti‐rabbit/anti‐mouse) at room temperature for 50–60 min. Specific antibody‐antigen complexes were detected using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI‐COR Biosciences).
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Super-Resolution Imaging of α-Synuclein in SH-SY5Y Cells

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Undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, seeded on coverslips (No. 1.5) were fixed in 4% PFA for 10 min, blocked with 20% SeaBlock containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 h at 21°C, and stained with anti-α-synuclein (ab27766; Abcam) overnight at 4°C. Cortical neurons were treated with α-Syn fibrils or vehicle control for between 72 h and 14 days,23 (link) fixed and stained for anti-PIP5K1γ (gift from Dr. Pietro DiCamilli38 (link)). Cells were incubated for 1 h in Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-rabbit (A31573; 1:1,000; Invitrogen) or Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-mouse (A21236; 1:1000; Invitrogen) secondary antibody in blocking solution. Coverslips were then mounted onto glass depression slides (neoLab, Heidelberg, Germany) with a cysteamine (MEA)-catalase/glucose/glucose oxidase (GLOX) imaging buffer containing TN buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 10 mM NaCl), a GLOX oxygen scavenging system (0.56 mg mL– 1 glucose oxidase, 34 μg mL–1 catalase, 10% w/v glucose) and 100 mM MEA. Twinsil dental glue (Picodent, Wipperfürth, Germany) and aluminum tape (T205–1.0 - AT205; Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ, USA) were used to hold the coverslip in place on the slide and to exclude oxygen. Images were captured using a Leica Infinity TIRF super-resolution microscope equipped with a 163×1.49 NA TIRF oil immersion objective and a Hamamatsu orca flash 4.0 camera. Particle Analysis in ImageJ was conducted using 20 nm pixel size.
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