R version 1

The prevalence of general characteristics was reported, and differences were estimated using the chi-square test. The cumulative incidence rates of mental disorders and suicidal behaviour at the ages of 2 years to 28 years were calculated for both cohorts (NFBC 1986 and the comparison cohort) and the significance of differences was estimated with the chi-square test. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by sex separately in each diagnosis group where the number of cases was large enough. Additionally, the Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR_MH) was used to calculate the adjusted RRs (adjusted for general characteristics: education, and marital status) in each diagnosis group where the number of cases within each adjustor was large enough. The numbers of suicide attempts within each general characteristic were too low to be analysed with RR_MH. The analysis was performed using R version 1.4.1106 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

We calculated the sample size for a two-group comparison without considering the effect of covariates because data predicting the effect of covariates were unavailable. The mean TRANSITION-Q total score was 52.74 ± 12.40 in patients with childhood-onset chronic diseases aged 12–18 years, who did not receive a transitional support program (16 (link)). In addition, based on a randomized controlled trial of a transitional support program, we estimated that the score in the self-management domain of the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ), a measurement to assess transition readiness that is different from the TRANSITION-Q, increased by approximately 0.7 SD after intervention (19 (link)). A total of 66 participants in both groups were calculated to increase the TRANSITION-Q-J score by 8.7 points (0.7 SD), with a power of 80 and an alpha of 0.05 (two-sided test), using R version 1.37 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The dropout rate in previous studies ranged from 5.0 to 11.5% (19 (link), 20 (link)); we predicted a higher dropout rate than previous studies because the design of this study required two visits to the transitional outpatient clinic to participate in the program. Finally, we set the sample size as 40 participants in each group, with a total of 80 participants.

R Version 1.37 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), IBM SPSS 25.0 J for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States), and IBM SPSS Amos ver. 25.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States) were used for analyses, and p < 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered significant. We included data from patients who deviated from the study protocol but did not include the data from patients who dropped out. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the demographic and disease variables. We compared the intervention group and control group using Mann–Whitney’s U test and Fisher’s exact test. For each outcome, we compared the two groups at each time using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), as the baseline was covariate. In the event of an interaction between the independent variable (group) and covariate (at baseline) by parallelism test, we compared the groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Group differences in the proportions of bacterial species and antibiotic-resistant isolates from CAUTI and non-CAUTI samples were investigated using the χ² test (or variants thereof). A 2-sided P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using R version 1.3.1073 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic courses for which urine culture data were available and results had been acquired at least 48 hours before the resident was discharged from the facility were considered for review. Cases were excluded if there was not enough information in the medical record, the antibiotic was started in error, the patient was transferred to the hospital prior to completion of therapy, or if a nonfluoroquinolone antibiotic was prescribed. If the available urine culture data indicated an organism susceptible to at least 1 oral nonfluoroquinolone alternative (ie, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or first-generation oral cephalosporins), the antibiotic was considered potentially amenable to modification.
The proportions of antibiotic courses amenable to each PMO and days of microbiologically active antibiotic duration were calculated. Comparisons of microbiologically active antibiotic durations between nursing home resident groups were performed using t tests. A 2-tailed P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Data and statistical analyses were conducted in R version 1.3.1073 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).