Potassium hydroxide pellets

Bare silicon wafers were obtained from University Wafers (Boston, MA). 1.5 mm and 2 mm thick poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA, sheets were purchased from Evonik (Sanford, ME). 1 mm and 2 mm thick cyclic olefin polymer, COP, ZEONOR 1060 R sheets were purchased from Zeon Specialty Materials (San Jose, CA). Fluorinert FC 40, optiprep density gradient medium, 10-μm size streptavidin-functionalized magnetic beads, and biotin-β-Galactosidase were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Novec 7500 Engineered Fluid was from 3M (Maplewood, MN). Fluorosurfactant-008 for droplet stabilization was purchased from RAN Biotechnologies (Beverly, MA). Potassium hydroxide pellets and resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Food coloring dyes were obtained from McCormick (Baltimore, MD). Heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyltrichlorosilane used for PMMA and COP channel surface modification was purchased from Gelest (Morrisville, PA). All solutions were passed through Nylon syringe filters (0.2 μm pore size) from VWR International (Radnor, PA) to remove particulates. NdFeB permanent magnets were purchased from K&J Magnetics, Inc. (Pipersville, PA). All aqueous solutions were prepared in 18 MΩ deionized water purified using a Barnstead GenPure water purifying system from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA).

The internal standard, sodium sulphite-³⁴S (Na₂³⁴SO₃, 95%), in addition to formaldehyde (37%), toluene, ammonium acetate (Sigma Ultra, minimum 98%) and sodium sulphite (Na₂SO₃, ≥ 98%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS-grade acetonitrile, water and methanol, in addition to glacial acetic acid, ethanol, methylene chloride, hydrogen peroxide (30%), sodium hydroxide (certified 0.1 and 0.01 N), potassium hydroxide pellets (85%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, barium chloride, concentrated phosphoric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid, were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Methyl red from Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) was used in the MW titration. Samples were diluted and extracted using 18 MΩ water obtained from an Aqua Solutions water purification system (Jasper, GA, USA). Fresh vegetables and all ingredients used for making garlic products were purchased from grocery stores located in Greenbelt, MD, USA. All food samples were stored according to the manufacturers’ suggested storage conditions.

Human TDP43 peptide (Cat. ab41970) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MS). Monoclonal Anti-TARDBP antibody produced in mouse (Cat. WH0023435M1), phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) 1.0 M (pH 7.4), undiluted human serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Cat. EDS), 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) (Cat. 450561), 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) (Cat. M5801), N-(3 dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N–hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Amicon ultra-15 10K and amicon ultra-0.5 10K filters were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) (Cat. PI26102), potassium hydroxide pellets, concentrated H₂SO₄ (95.0 to 98.0 w/w %), and concentrated HNO₃ (70% w/w %) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA.). A CHI 660C Electrochemical Workstation (CH Instrument, Inc., Austin, TX) was used for DPV and EIS investigations. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) was performed with a Physical Electronics TRIFT V nanoTOF TOF-SIMS (Chanhassen, MN). The expression and purification of hnRNP F protein is shown in the Supplementary Information for the evaluation of the reaction mechanism and prove the reaction principle of SATA with protein.