Ringer acetate

The pigs were premedicated with Zoletil Forte (tiletamine/zolazepam) at 6 mg/kg (Virbac, Kolding, Denmark) and Rompun (xylazine) at 2.2 mg/kg (Elanco Denmark Aps, Ballerup, Denmark) and given a bolus of fentanyl at 5 μg/kg (Braun, Danderyd, Sweden) when intravenous access was established. Anesthesia was maintained with ketamine (Abcur, Helsingborg, Sweden) at 30 mg/kg/h, fentanyl (Braun, Danderyd, Sweden) at 4 μg/kg/h, and midazolam (Accord Healthcare, Solna, Sweden) at 0.12 mg/kg/h during the whole experiment. After adequate levels of anesthesia and analgesia were ascertained by the absence of reaction to pain stimulus between the rear hooves, rocuronium (Braun, Kista, Sweden) at 2.5 mg/kg/h was infused intravenously as a muscle relaxant. Ringer acetate (Baxter, Kista, Sweden) was infused intravenously at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h during the first hour and thereafter at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Animals were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated (Servo I, Maquet, Solna, Sweden).

Samples were collected in pre-chilled EDTA tubes, centrifuged within 30 min (2700 rpm/min, 10 min in 4 C, Universal 32 R Hettich Zentrifugen®, Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) and stored at À80 C. Samples for 6,6 2 H 2 -D-glucose were also collected in pre-chilled EDTA tubes. Hourly reference samples for plasma glucose were collected in pre-chilled Sodium fluoride/ Potassium oxalate tubes. Both samples were centrifuged as described above and stored at À80 C until analysis. A maximum of 150 mL blood was sampled.
Data for patient's baseline characteristics, perioperative hemodynamics, saturation, blood loss and transfusion, time of surgery, resection phase and anaesthesia as well as the extent of resection were collected. In addition, the rate of glucose-, norepinephrineand insulin infusions were recorded. Crystalloids (Ringer-Acetate®, Baxter International Inc., Ill, USA) 0e4 mL/kg were given as intraoperative fluid replacement. Blood loss during surgery was replaced with crystalloids, colloids and/or blood products depending on the anaesthesiologist in charge.