Total selenium and other minerals in feeds were measured according to the methods described in Betancor et al. (2012b ) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with collision cell technology (Thermo X Series 2; Thermo Scientific, Hemel-Hempstead, UK) using argon and hydrogen as carrier gases. Briefly, between 50 and 100 mg of ground feed sample was added to Teflon tubes and digested in a microwave digester (MARS Xpress; CEM Microwave Technology Ltd., Buckingham, UK) with 5 ml of 69% nitric acid in three stages: 21–190 °C for 10 min at 800 W followed by 190 °C for 20 min at 800 W followed by a final 30-min cooling period. The digested solution was made up to a 10-ml volume with deionized water and total minerals determined by adding 0.4 ml of this solution to 10-ml tubes and adjusting volume (10 ml) using deionized water before analyzing by ICP-MS. For total selenium, 10 μl of internal standard (aqueous solution of gallium and scandium, 10 ppm; BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, UK) and 0.2 ml methanol were added to 0.4 ml of the initial digest before adjusting the volume to 10 ml with deionized water prior to analysis by ICP-MS.
Thermo x series 2
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Thermo X series II is a line of laboratory equipment designed for various analytical applications. The core function of these instruments is to perform high-precision measurements and analysis of samples. The specific details and capabilities of the Thermo X series II may vary depending on the individual model, and comprehensive information should be obtained from the product documentation or Thermo Fisher Scientific directly.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Milli q, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Molecular imager chemidoc xrs, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Inova 500 mhz nmr spectrometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Du 800 uv vis spectrophotometer, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Spectra mr plate reader, by Dynex (1 mentions)
Nitrogen analyzer, by Leco (1 mentions)
Model fp 528, by Leco (1 mentions)
Icap 7200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Digiprep ms, by SCP Science (1 mentions)
Milli q element system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Suprapur, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Advia 2400, by Siemens (1 mentions)
13 protocols using thermo x series 2
1
Quantifying Mineral Levels in Livestock Feeds
2
Quantifying Intracellular Iron in Yeast
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The amount of Fe in the yeast cells was determined using ICP-MS (Thermo X-Series 2; Thermofisher, Waltham, MA, USA). After the internalization experiments, the yeast cells with and without the Fe(III) complex were collected in 200 µL Milli-Q (Millipore) water. Yeast cell solutions (100 µL) were digested with metal-free nitric acid (900 µL) (65-70%). After a 3 d digestion process, the samples were diluted to 2% HNO 3 , 30 ppb cobalt standard solution in 10 mL Milli-Q (Millipore) water and analyzed using ICP-MS. Cobalt and indium standard solutions were used as the internal standards.
3
Multimodal Characterization of Biological Samples
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A Varian Inova 500 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with an FTS Systems TC-84 Kinetics Air Jet Temperature Controller (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to collect the CEST NMR data and 1 H NMR spectra. Absorbance spectra were collected using a Beckman Coulter DU 800 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer equipped with a Peltier temperature controller (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA). Fluorescence microscopy was done on a Zeiss Axioplan2 microscope (Leica microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). The cell viability images were taken using a Biorad Chemidoc XRS+ molecular imager (Hercules, CA, USA. Optical density measurements were taken using a Dynex Spectra MR plate reader (Chantilly, VA, USA). T 1 and T 2 relaxation measurements were performed on a Varian Inova 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. The concentration of Fe in yeast cells was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on a Thermo X-Series 2 (Thermofisher, Waltham, MA, USA).
4
Proximate Composition Analysis of Fish Samples
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Fish collected from each tank (n = 6) were ground, pooled and freeze-dried for proximate composition analysis. Experimental diets were also homogenized prior to analysis. Proximate composition of whole-body samples and experimental diets were performed in duplicate, according to AOAC (2006) methods: dry matter (in an oven at 105°C to constant weight); ash (incinerated at 500°C for 5 h in a muffle furnace; Nabertherm L9/11/B170, Bremen, Germany); protein by quantitation of nitrogen (N) using a Leco nitrogen analyzer (Model FP-528, Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, United States) and conversion (N × 6.25) to equivalent protein; gross energy using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Werke C2000, IKA, Staufen, Germany). Total lipids were extracted and quantified from whole-body and muscle samples according to Folch et al. (1957) (link) and using Folch solution (dichloromethane:methanol 2:1 v/v with 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene – BHT). Iodine and selenium contents of feed samples were determined according to the European standards EN 15111:2007 and EN 15763:2009, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (Thermo X series II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, United States), after alkaline (iodine) or acid (selenium) digestion, was used for determination of iodine and selenium, as described by Barbosa et al. (2020) (link).
5
Mineral Profile Analysis of Experimental Diets
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The mineral profile of experimental diets was analysed as described by Ribeiro et al. [26 (link)]. Diets were incubated in a ventilated chamber with concentrated nitric acid plus hydrochloric acid, during 16 h, followed by the addition of hydrogen peroxide and heated using a digestion plate (DigiPREP MS, SCP Science, Baie-D’Urfe, QC, Canada). Then, diets were diluted with distilled water, filtered, and analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES, iCAP 7200 duo Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The analysis of I and bromine (Br) was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) (Thermo X series II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), according to Delgado et al. [27 (link)]. Briefly, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution (25%, v/v) and ultra-pure water (Milli-Q Element system, Millipore Corporation, Saint-Quentin, France) were added to samples followed by extraction, in triplicate, using a Heating Graphite Block System (DigiPREP MS, SCP Science, Baie-D’Urfe, QC, Canada) at 90 °C during 3 h.
The detailed chemical composition of the experimental diets is presented inTable 1 .
The detailed chemical composition of the experimental diets is presented in
6
Quantifying Cadmium in BAL Fluid
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The cadmium concentrations in cell-free BAL samples were determined utilizing an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrument (Thermo X series II; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a collision/reaction cell system. This analysis of extracellular cadmium was performed according to the standard of SS-EN ISO 17294-2 (Water quality – Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ICP-MS] – Part 2: Determination of 62 elements) at Stockholm University, Sweden (ISO-certified laboratory).
The isotope 114Cd was utilized for the detection of cadmium concentrations in our cell-free BAL fluid samples. We chose this isotope instead of 111Cd because in samples with low cadmium concentrations, 114Cd has higher abundance compared to that of the 111Cd. Any possible interference of the 114Sn was avoided by the measurement of this particular isotope and adjusting for its presence using the instrument software.
Rhodium (103Rh) was used for recovery calculations. The limit of detection (LOD) was set to 0.01 µg/L for cadmium using 3× standard deviation (SD) in blank samples. The relative SD was consistently <20% in the samples.
In addition to the cadmium analysis described earlier, we attempted to assess background exposure to automotive particulate pollution with nanoparticles by analyzing our BAL samples for palladium.17 (link)
The isotope 114Cd was utilized for the detection of cadmium concentrations in our cell-free BAL fluid samples. We chose this isotope instead of 111Cd because in samples with low cadmium concentrations, 114Cd has higher abundance compared to that of the 111Cd. Any possible interference of the 114Sn was avoided by the measurement of this particular isotope and adjusting for its presence using the instrument software.
Rhodium (103Rh) was used for recovery calculations. The limit of detection (LOD) was set to 0.01 µg/L for cadmium using 3× standard deviation (SD) in blank samples. The relative SD was consistently <20% in the samples.
In addition to the cadmium analysis described earlier, we attempted to assess background exposure to automotive particulate pollution with nanoparticles by analyzing our BAL samples for palladium.17 (link)
7
Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Plants
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Plants were removed from the osmotic environment, washed with distilled water to remove surface salts. Then the shoots were harvested and dried at 80°C for 72 h. Ground dried samples (~ 0.5 g) were mixed with the internal standard indium and digested in a muffle furnace with 5 mL of concentrated nitric acid at 170°C for 4 h. The digest was cooled to room temperature and the acid was evaporated almost to dryness then diluted to a final volume of 25 mL with 18 MΩ water to extract ions. The contents of B, Na, Mg, K, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn were determined using a Thermo X series II, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), as described by the manufacturer.
8
Quantitative Analysis of Metal Ions in Proteins
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The protein samples (approx. 1.0 mg mL−1) were prepared and digested using microwave digestion (MARS 5, CEM Corp., Matthews, NC, United States), as described previously (Ding et al., 2017 (link); Si et al., 2017 (link)). Metal ion content was then quantified with three replicates using a Thermo X Series II Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA, United States). The standard curves for Fe or Cu atom were obtained by using the multi-element standard solutions. The atoms per ferritin cage was calculated as described previously (Si et al., 2017 (link)).
9
Heavy Metal Biomarkers in Blood Samples
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Blood biomarkers were collected and used for analysis due to their low variability, long half-life, and reflection of body burden resulting from representation of organ metal uptake [29 (link)]. Whole blood was collected by venipuncture for the measurement of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in trace metal tubes containing K2EDTA. Blood specimens were stored at 4 °C and sent to RTI International’s Trace Inorganics Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) for analysis of Hg, Cd, and Pb by ICP-MS (Thermo-X Series II). A 1000 µg/mL gold solution (High Purity Standards) was added to samples for heavy metal stability. Samples were microwave-digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (J.T. Baker, Ultrex Grade), and diluted with deionized water. Standard reference materials, including bovine and caprine blood (NIST SRM955c caprine blood, NIST SRM966 bovine blood, and UTAK human blood), were also digested and analyzed for quality control, with an average recovery percentage of 110 ± 14% (n = 9). Sample blanks and method blanks showed negligible Hg, Cd, and Pb, confirming a lack of background contamination due to the sample collection method and digestion method, respectively. Three samples were found to be below the detection limit (LOD) (0.3 µg/L) for Hg, and all of the samples were above the LOD for Pb (0.1 µg/L) and for Cd (0.04 µg/L).
10
Trace Metal Analysis in Human Blood
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Blood samples were collected from each participant in 10 mL ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes. Approximately 1 mL of each blood sample was microwave digested (CEM, Model MDS-2000) with 3 mL of 65 % nitric acid (Suprapur, Merck). Subsequently, we washed the residuals in microwave tubes with 2 % nitric acid and then filtered the digested fluids with 0.45 μm filtered tap water. The total filtered solutions were stored in 15 mL centrifuge tubes. The levels of Pb, Cd, and As were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Thermo X-series II). The ICP-MS detection limits for Pb, Cd, and As were 0.23, 0.08, and 0.12 ppb, respectively. The method detection limits for Pb, Cd, and As were 0.74, 0.26, and 0.39 ppb, respectively.
Trace Elements Whole Blood Level 3 (Seronorm™; SERO, Billingstad, Norway) was used as the reference material for the standard material test to ensure the precision and accuracy of the blood metal analysis. The precision levels of Pb, Cd, and As were 97.6, 95.7, and 94.2 %, respectively, and the accuracy values were 100.0, 99.9, and 99.9 %, respectively.
Trace Elements Whole Blood Level 3 (Seronorm™; SERO, Billingstad, Norway) was used as the reference material for the standard material test to ensure the precision and accuracy of the blood metal analysis. The precision levels of Pb, Cd, and As were 97.6, 95.7, and 94.2 %, respectively, and the accuracy values were 100.0, 99.9, and 99.9 %, respectively.
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