V probe

Manufactured by Plexon

Sourced in United States

The V-probe is a high-quality laboratory equipment designed for various research applications. It serves as a versatile tool for data acquisition and signal processing. The core function of the V-probe is to capture and analyze electrical signals from a wide range of sources, enabling researchers to gather valuable data for their studies.

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Lab products found in correlation

Offline sorter, by Plexon (5 mentions) Mo 97a, by Narishige (3 mentions) S probe, by Plexon (3 mentions) 128 channel system, by Blackrock Microsystems (3 mentions) Eyelink 1000, by SR Research (3 mentions) Omniplex, by Plexon (2 mentions) Matlab, by MathWorks (2 mentions) Kv5000, by Keyence (2 mentions) Cerebus system, by Blackrock Microsystems (2 mentions) Cerebus, by Blackrock Microsystems (2 mentions) Hs 36, by Neuralynx (1 mentions) Pcie 6251, by National Instruments (1 mentions) A d board, by National Instruments (1 mentions) Map system, by Plexon (1 mentions)

33 protocols using v probe

Laminar Recordings of V1 and V4 Cortical Activity

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Neurophysiological recordings were performed with 16 contact laminar electrodes, 150-µm spacing between adjacent channels (monkey 1: Atlas Neuroengineering; monkey 2: V-probes, Plexon). Contact impedance was measured before each penetration (range of 0.5 to 1.0 MΩ). The probes were mounted on a hydraulic Microdrive (Narishige MO-97A). Probes were inserted perpendicular to the cortical surface intending to yield coverage of all cortical layers.
Extracellular voltage fluctuation of V1 and V4 were acquired using a 32-channel digital Lynx (Neuralynx). The signal of each electrode was referenced to a contact placed on the surface of the granulation tissue of either V1 or V4 chambers. Electrodes were connected to the recording system via a preamplifier (HS-36, Neuralynx). The raw signal was collected with 24-bit resolution, sampled at 32.756 kHz. To obtain the LFP, the raw signal was band-pass filtered offline at 0.5 to 300 Hz and down sampled to 1,017 Hz.

Doostmohammadi J., Gieselmann M.A., van Kempen J., Lashgari R., Yoonessi A, & Thiele A. (2023). Ripples in macaque V1 and V4 are modulated by top-down visual attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(5), e2210698120.

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Neuronal Recordings in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex

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Multicontact electrodes (V-probes, Plexon, Inc) were lowered using the NAN microdrive system (NAN Instruments) until the target region was reached Following a settling period, all active cells were recorded. This lowering depth was predetermined and calculated with the aid of either Brainsight or Cicerone system to make sure the majority of the contacts on the V-probe were in the gray matter of the recording region. Individual action potentials were isolated on a Ripple Grapevine system (Ripple, Inc.). Neurons were selected for study solely on the basis of the quality of isolation; we never pre-selected based on task-related response properties. Cells were sorted offline with Plexon Offline Sorter (Plexon, Inc.) by hand by MZW and lab technician, Cindy Tu. No automated sorting was used. Neurons were assigned to cOFCm vs cOFCl prior to any analyses by SRH following PCC connectivity criteria (Fig. 1).

Wang M.Z., Hayden B.Y, & Heilbronner S.R. (2022). A structural and functional subdivision in central orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Communications, 13, 3623.

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Multielectrode Neural Recordings in Primates

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Neurophysiology recordings (Figures S1C-D) began after the monkeys had recovered from the surgery. We lowered one linear electrode array (V-probe, Plexon Inc, Dallas, TX) into each guide tube on every recording day. Thirty-two channel electrodes with 150 µm inter-contact spacing probes were used in the VS and MDt, and 64-channel electrodes with 150 µm inter-contact spacing probes were used in the OFC and AMY. The probes were advanced to their target location by a four-channel micromanipulator (NAN Instruments, Nazareth, Israel) attached to the recording chamber. The depths of the neurons were estimated by their recording locations relative to the tip of the guide tubes (verified with MRI). Electrophysiological data were acquired with a 512-channel Grapevine System (Ripple, Salt Lake City, UT). The spike acquisition threshold was set at a 4.0 × root mean square (RMS) of the baseline signal for each electrode. Behavioral event markers from MonkeyLogic and eye-tracking signals from Viewpoint were sent to the Ripple acquisition system. The extracellular signals were high-pass filtered (1 kHz cutoff) and digitized at 30 kHz to acquire the single-cell activity. Spikes were sorted offline via Wave_clus 3 ^{54 (link)}.

Tang H., Bartolo-Orozco R, & Averbeck B.B. (2024). Ventral frontostriatal circuitry mediates the computation of reinforcement from symbolic gains and losses. bioRxiv.

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Multisite Electrode Recordings in Amygdala and Substantia Nigra

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In each session one or two multi-site (16, 24, or 32 contacts) linear electrodes (V-probe or S-probe, Plexon) were lowered into the brain using an oil-driven micromanipulator system (MO-97A, Narishige). The micromanipulators were moved independently into the amygdala and/or substantia nigra while identifying electrophysiological indicators of gray and white matter boundaries. We allowed 60 min for the electrodes to stabilize before starting data acquisition and the behavioral protocol. Signals were pre-amplified and stored at 40 kHz for offline processing (OmniPlex, Plexon). In real time, signals were band-pass filtered between 0.2–10 kHz, and online spike sorting was performed using custom software implementing a voltage and time window discriminator (Blip). Analysis was based on offline spike sorting using the Kilosort algorithm followed by manual curation in the Phy⁵⁶.

Maeda K., Inoue K.I., Takada M, & Hikosaka O. (2023). Environmental context-dependent activation of dopamine neurons via putative amygdala-nigra pathway in macaques. Nature Communications, 14, 2282.

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Parafoveal V1 LFP Recording

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Data were made in parafoveal V1 (2–6 Degree eccentricities), collected with 30 kHz sampling rate and amplified using a 128 channel system (Cerebus, 16-bit A-D, Blackrock Microsystems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA). The electrode used was 24-channel linear arrays (100 mm inter-contact spacing, 20 mm contact diameter; V-Probe, Plexon, Texas). The raw voltage recordings were band-pass filtered (1–100 Hz, 2nd-order Butterworth filter) and down sampled to 2 kHz to obtain LFPs. These data have already been used in the article of Bijanzadeh et al. from the perspective of latency (Bijanzadeh et al., 2018 (link)).

Khodaei F., Sadati S.H., Doost M, & Lashgari R. (2023). LFP polarity changes across cortical and eccentricity in primary visual cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1138602.

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Simultaneous Neuronal Activity Recording in V1/V2

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We simultaneously recorded neuronal activity from different layers in V1 or V2 using a linear array (V-probe, Plexon; 24 recording channels spaced 100 μm apart, each 15 μm in diameter). The linear array was controlled by a microelectrode drive (NAN Instruments), and the depth of each probe placement was adjusted to extend through all the V1/V2 layers. The raw data were acquired with a 128-channel system (Blackrock Microsystems). The raw data were high-pass filtered (seventh-order Butterworth with 1000 Hz corner frequency), and multiunit spiking activities (MUAs) were detected by applying a voltage threshold with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5.5. The raw data were also low-pass filtered (seventh-order Butterworth with 300 Hz corner frequency) to obtain LFPs. Both MUAs, and LFPs were down-sampled to 500 Hz.

Wu Y., Wang T., Zhou T., Li Y., Yang Y., Dai W., Zhang Y., Han C, & Xing D. (2022). V1-bypassing suppression leads to direction-specific microsaccade modulation in visual coding and perception. Nature Communications, 13, 6366.

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Multiunit Spike Rate Analysis from Cortical Electrodes

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For the experiments in M1, we used an electrode array with 8 shanks each of which consisted of 8 electrical contacts with 200 μm spacing (NeuroNexus, A64). The shank to shank distance was also 200 μm. For the experiments in M4, we used an electrode having 16 electrical contacts with 150 μm spacing (Plexon, V-probe). We penetrated electrodes perpendicularly to the cortical surface and advanced them until neuronal activities were observed from all electrical contacts. The raw electrical signals were amplified and bandpass filtered (500 to 3000 Hz) with a preamplifier (Tucker Davis Technologies, RZ2). The filtered signals were digitized at 25 kHz and stored in a computer. We analyzed spike rates of multiunit activity (MUA) obtained by the time stamp when filtered signal exceeded a fixed threshold (3.5 times the standard deviation of background noise).

Nakamichi Y., Okubo K., Sato T., Hashimoto M, & Tanifuji M. (2019). Optical intrinsic signal imaging with optogenetics reveals functional cortico-cortical connectivity at the columnar level in living macaques. Scientific Reports, 9, 6466.

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Behavioral and Neurophysiological Recordings in Awake Behaving Monkeys

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All experimental procedures conformed to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and were approved by the Committee of Animal Care at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Experiments involved two naive, awake, male behaving monkeys (species: M. mulatta; ID: H and G; weight: 6.6 and 6.8 kg; age: 4 yrs old). Animals were head-restrained and seated comfortably in a dark and quiet room, and viewed stimuli on a 23-inch monitor (refresh rate: 60 Hz). Eye movements were registered by an infrared camera and sampled at 1kHz (Eyelink 1000, SR Research Ltd, Ontario, Canada). Hand movements were registered by a custom single-axis potentiometer-controlled joystick whose voltage output was sampled at 1kHz (PCIe6251, National Instruments, TX). The MWorks software package (http://mworks-project.org) was used to present stimuli and to register hand and eye position. Neurophysiology recordings were made by 1–3 24-channel laminar probes (V-probe, Plexon Inc., TX) through a bio-compatible cranial implant whose position was determined based on stereotaxic coordinates and structural MRI scan of the two animals. Analysis of both behavioral and spiking data was performed using custom MATLAB code (Mathworks, MA).

Sohn H., Narain D., Meirhaeghe N, & Jazayeri M. (2019). Bayesian computation through cortical latent dynamics. Neuron, 103(5), 934-947.e5.

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Multi-site Electrophysiology of Amygdala and Substantia Nigra

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In each session one or two multi-site (16, 24, or 32 contacts) linear electrodes (V-probe or Sprobe, Plexon) were lowered into the brain using an oil-driven micromanipulator system (MO-97A, Narishige). The micromanipulators were moved independently into the amygdala and/or substantia nigra while identifying electrophysiological indicators of grey and white matter boundaries. We allowed 60 minutes for the electrodes to stabilize before starting data acquisition and the behavioral protocol. Signals were pre-amplified and stored at 40 kHz for offline processing (OmniPlex, Plexon). In real time, signals were band-pass filtered between 0.2-10 kHz, and online spike sorting was performed using a custom software implementing a voltage and time window discriminator (Blip). Analysis was based on offline spike sorting using the Kilosort algorithm followed by a manual curation in the Phy (Pachitariu et al., 2016) .

Maeda K., Inoue K., Takada M., & Hikosaka O. (2022). Primate dopamine neurons activated in rewarding environment by tonic disinhibition from amygdala.

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Simultaneous Neuronal Activity Mapping in V1

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We simultaneously recorded the neuronal activity exhibited by different layers in V1 using a linear array (V-probe, Plexon; 24 recording channels spaced 100 μm apart, each 15 μm in diameter). The linear array was controlled by a microelectrode drive (NAN Instruments, Israel), and the depth of each probe placement was adjusted to extend through all V1 layers. To reduce the effects of cortical dimpling and cortical damage caused by the probes, after each probe penetration, we waited for at least 30 minutes before collecting data. The raw data were acquired with a 128-channel system (Blackrock Microsystems). The raw data were high-pass filtered (7th-order Butterworth filter with a 1000-Hz corner frequency), and multiunit spiking activity (MUA) was detected by applying a voltage threshold with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5.5. The raw data were also low-pass filtered (7th-order Butterworth filter with a 300-Hz corner frequency) to obtain local field potentials (LFPs). The MUA and LFPs were all downsampled to 500 Hz.

Wang T., Dai W., Wu Y., Li Y., Yang Y., Zhang Y., Zhou T., Sun X., Wang G., Li L., Dou F, & Xing D. (2024). Nonuniform and pathway-specific laminar processing of spatial frequencies in the primary visual cortex of primates. Nature Communications, 15, 4005.

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