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96 protocols using insulin elisa kit

1

Islet Insulin Secretion Dynamics

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After 24 h of culture, 10 size-matched islets were incubated with 2.8 mM glucose Krebs–Ringer buffer (KRB) adjusted to pH 7.3 with HEPES for 60 min at 37 °C. After incubated in low-glucose KRB for 60 min, the islets were stimulated in KRB containing 2.8 mM or 16.7 mM glucose with different concentrations of inhibitors or with vehicle for additional 60 min at 37 °C. An insulin ELISA kit from Mercodia (Uppsala, Sweden) was used to measure the secreted insulin. The results were normalized to the islet total insulin content.
Fifty handpicked islets were placed into perfusion chambers (Swinnex 13; Millipore, MA). At the stabilization period, islets were perfused with 2.8 mM KRB at a speed of 1.0 mL/min for 20 min at 37 °C. Then, islets were perfused with 16.7 mM KRB for 40 min followed by KRB containing the inhibitors. We collected the droplets every 1 min. At the end of the perfusion assay, the islets were collected to assess the insulin content. An insulin ELISA kit from Mercodia (Sweden) was used to detect the secreted insulin. The results were normalized to the islet total insulin content.
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2

Insulin Secretion Assay in Mouse and Human Islets

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β-Min6 cells (passages 9–12) were seeded at a density of 4×106 cells/well in a 12-well plate for 24 h at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Human islets were separated into 60 cm dishes containing 50 islets/dish. Cells were washed three times with glucose-free Krebs buffer, and then incubated in 0.05% BSA Krebs buffer (1 mmol/l glucose) for 1 h at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Cells were again washed three times with glucose-free Krebs buffer. Afterwards, cells were cultured in 0.05% BSA Krebs buffer (1 or 25 mmol/l glucose) and treated with vehicle, IBMX, RES, or CUR at the indicated doses for 2 h. Supernatants were collected for insulin measurements using the Ultra-Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA Kit (Crystal Chemical, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA) for mouse or the Mercodia Insulin ELISA Kit (Mercodia, Winston Salem, NC, USA) for human cells, and performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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3

Quantification of Insulin Secretion in sc-Beta Cells

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Krebs Ringer buffer (KRB) was prepared by addition of 129 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM Na2HPO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 5 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES and 0.1% BSA in deionized water and was sterilized with a 0.22 μm filter. The 2 mM glucose solutions were prepared in KRB for low glucose challenge of sc-beta cell clusters. Then, 10–20 sc-beta cell clusters (~5 × 105 cells) were collected from WT, KO, and R138X and pre-incubated in 500 μL 2 mM glucose solution for 1 h. Clusters were then washed once with 2 mM glucose solution and subsequently incubated in 200 µL of 2 mM glucose for 1 h. Finally, 130 μL supernatant from each condition was collected. Cell clusters were centrifuged down and resuspended in 50 µL high salt buffer and sonicated for protein content preparation and DNA measurement with Nano Drop Spectrophotometer ND-1000. Protein content and supernatants in 2 mM glucose solution were processed using Mercodia Insulin ELISA kit (Cat. No. 10-1113-01, Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden).
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4

Insulin Secretion from β-Cells and Islets

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β-Min6 cells (passage 9-12) were seeded at 4×106 cells per well in a 12-well plate for 24 hrs at 37°C, 5% CO2. Human islets were separated into 60 cm dishes containing 50 islets per dish. Cells were washed three times with glucose-free KREBS buffer, and then incubated in 0.05% BSA KREBS buffer (1 mmol L-1 glucose) for 1 hr at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cells were again washed three times with glucose-free KREBS buffer. Afterwards, cells were cultured in 0.05% BSA KREBS buffer (1 or 25 mmol L-1 glucose), and treated with vehicle, IBMX, RES, or CUR at the indicated doses for 2 hrs. Supernatants were collected for insulin measurements using an Ultra-Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA kit (Crystal Chemical Inc., Downers Grove, IL) for mouse or Mercodia Insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia, Winston Salem, NC) for human, and performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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5

Insulin Release from Islet Cells

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Insulin Response tests were performed after coating procedure described above. Naked (control) or Treg cells coated islets were exposed to high (28 mM) and then to low (2.8 mM) glucose in Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB) solution for 1 h at 37°C. The solutions of each glucose concentration were collected, concentration of released by islets insulin in each was determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using Mercodia Insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden).
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6

Fasting Glucose, Insulin, and Sensitivity Assessment

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The concentration of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured by using the Accu-Chek Aviva meter (Roche, Shanghai, China). The concentration of fasting insulin (FINS) was determined by using the Mercodia Insulin ELISA Kit (cat. no. 10-1113-01; Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s procedure. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated: ISI = 1/FPG (mmol·L-1) x FINS (mU·L-1). Homeostasis model assessment was used to calculate insulin resistance index (IRI): IRI = [FPG (mmol·L-1) x FINS (mU·L-1)]/22.5.
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7

Fasting Serum Biomarker Measurement

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Fasting serum samples were collected by low-speed centrifugation of serum separator Vacutainer™ tubes (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) that were left to clot for 30 min. All samples were then either analysed immediately or stored at −80 °C prior to analysis. Fasting serum triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose were determined by Pathwest Laboratories using their routine automated procedures on an Architect c1600 analyser. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and glucose concentration were measured by using specific enzyme-based colorimetric reagents (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, USA; CV <2 %). LDL cholesterol was estimated by using a modified version of Friedewald formula [30 (link)]. Non-HDL cholesterol concentration was calculated as the difference between serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentration. Insulin level was determined by using the Mercodia insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Insulin resistance was assessed by calculation of HOMA-IR score [31 (link)].
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8

Biochemical Analysis of Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Lipids

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The concentration of plasma glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method using an analyzer (Quik-Lab, Ames, IA, USA; Miles Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA). The insulin level was examined using a Mercodia insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden). Total lipids in liver were extracted according to the previous method [11 (link)]. The levels of lipids were determined using a Fuji Dri-Chem Slide TCHO for cholesterol and a Slide TG for triglyceride to read in a machine of Fuji Dri-Chem 400i (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). In addition, the concentration of BER was estimated using a commercially available ELISA kit (Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, CA, USA).
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9

Plasma Insulin, IL-6, and Adiponectin Quantification

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Fasting plasma insulin levels were measured using a Mercodia Insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Analysis of plasma IL‐6 and adiponectin was determined using Mouse IL‐6 and Adiponectin Quantikine® ELISA Kits (both from R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK), respectively, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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10

Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers Assay

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Glucose and lipid profiles were measured using a Siemens Dimension RXL chemistry analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics, Holliston, MA, USA). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were determined using the Variant™ device (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Insulin and high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels were determined using a Mercodia Insulin ELISA Kit (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden) and an hsCRP ELISA kit (Biovendor, Asheville, NC, USA), respectively. Plasma levels of inflammatory and metabolic markers were measured using bead-based multiplexing technology on a Bioplex-200 system (BioRad). All of the aforementioned assays were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated using the following formula: HOMA-IR = (glucose × insulin)/22.5.
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