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40 protocols using mgso4.7h2o

1

Optimizing Heavy Metal Remediation Using Chemical Reagents

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Some of the chemicals, including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (the chemical formula of C8H6Cl2O3 and the purity of 99%) with a molecular weight of 221.04 g mol−1, lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2, >99% purity) and nitric acid (HNO3, 95% purity) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, 99% purity) were provided by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other chemicals, i.e., CaCl2·2H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, KI, MnCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, H3BO3, CoCl2·6H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, Na2MnO4·2H2O, EDTA, CaCl2·H2O and MgSO4·7H2O were bought from Merck Co, Germany. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) were also supplied by Merck Co (Darmstadt, Germany). The regulation of solution pH was carried out using 0.01 N H2SO4 and 0.01 N NaOH.
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2

Sodium Oxalate Media Preparation

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Culture media containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L sodium oxalate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) was prepared by adding 10 mL of the 0.46 μ filter sterilized sugar and ammonium oxalate solutions listed below to 10 mL base media proteose peptone no. 3 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany), 10 g yeast extract (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany), 5 g Tween 80 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 1 mL KH2PO4 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 2 g Na acetate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 5 g di-Ammonium hydrogen-citrate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 2 g MgSO4.7H2O (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 0.05 g MnSO4 (Merck) 0.05 g water to 500 mL and sterilized at 121°C for 15 min.
For the preparation of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L sodium oxalate solutions, 13.39 g of Na2C2O4 (MW =133.96) transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask. Rinsed the boat into the flask through a funnel until the volume reaches to 100ml. It may need to heat this gently (NOT BOIL) to promote the dissolving. Then before autoclave sterilization of base media samples, a specified volume of sodium oxalate solution was added to the samples. The amount of sodium oxalate was derived from Eq 1:
C1V1=C2V2
C1V1 = Concentration/amount (start) and Volume (start)
C2V2 = Concentration/amount (final) and Volume (final)
The required volume of sodium oxalate solution with (20 mmol/L concentration) to the 10 ml base media derived from Eq. 1.
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3

Sodium Oxalate Media Preparation

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Culture media containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L sodium oxalate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) was prepared by adding 10 mL of the 0.46 μ filter sterilized sugar and ammonium oxalate solutions listed below to 10 mL base media proteose peptone no. 3 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany), 10 g yeast extract (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany), 5 g Tween 80 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 1 mL KH2PO4 (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 2 g Na acetate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 5 g di-Ammonium hydrogen-citrate (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 2 g MgSO4.7H2O (MERK; Darmstadt, Germany) 0.05 g MnSO4 (Merck) 0.05 g water to 500 mL and sterilized at 121°C for 15 min.
For the preparation of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L sodium oxalate solutions, 13.39 g of Na2C2O4 (MW =133.96) transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask. Rinsed the boat into the flask through a funnel until the volume reaches to 100ml. It may need to heat this gently (NOT BOIL) to promote the dissolving. Then before autoclave sterilization of base media samples, a specified volume of sodium oxalate solution was added to the samples. The amount of sodium oxalate was derived from Eq 1:
C1V1=C2V2
C1V1 = Concentration/amount (start) and Volume (start)
C2V2 = Concentration/amount (final) and Volume (final)
The required volume of sodium oxalate solution with (20 mmol/L concentration) to the 10 ml base media derived from Eq. 1.
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4

Antioxidant Potentials of Potato and Sabouraud Agar

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Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sabouraud dextrose agar (SDB) were purchased from Oxoid UK. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Merck USA. All other chemicals, including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Ca(NO3)2 4H2O, KNO3, MgSO4 7H2O, KCl, NaH2PO4, FeCl3, and MnSO4, were purchased from Merck USA and Sigma-Aldrich. The spectrophotometer was a model 8354 from Agilent Technologies (Germany).
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5

Olive Oil and Chitosan Enzyme Assay

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Olive oil, chitosan and ρ-nitrophenyl acetate (ρ-NPA) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Other chemicals used in the present study including NH
4
Cl
4
(Merck), MgSO
4
.7H
2
O (Merck), K
2
HPO
4
(Merck), CaCO
3
(Merck), MRS agar (Merck) and MRS broth (Merck) were used without any further purification.
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6

Planarian Culture and Maintenance Protocol

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S. mediterranea clonal strain BCN-10 animals were starved for at least 7 days prior to any conducted experiment. Asexual animals were cultured in glass containers and Petri dishes for experiments in planarian artificial medium (PAM) water at 20 °C in the dark. PAM solution contains101 (link): 0,016 mM NaCl (Merck, 7647145), 0,01 mM MgSO4·7H2O (Merck, 105886), 0,012 mM NaHCO3 (Merck, 106329), 0,001 mM KCl (Merck, 104936), 0,001 mM MgCl22·6H2O (Merck, 105833) and 0,01 mM CaCl2·2H2O (Merck, 102382) diluted in MiliQ water. Animals were regularly fed twice per week with organic cow liver102 (link). Animals with a 5 mm length average were randomly selected for most of the experiments. In the RNA-seq/ATAC-seq and ChIPmentation experiments, animals with 8 mm length average were used.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Mg-PSZ

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Materials used were (NH4)HCO3 (PT. Brataco, Jakarta, Indonesia), H2SO4 95–97% (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (PT. Brataco, Jakarta, Indonesia), MgSO4∙7H2O (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), PEG-6000 (PT. Brataco, Jakarta, Indonesia), Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) (MaxLab, Jakarta, Indonesia), and zirconium oxyhydroxide (ZrO(OH)2) prepared from local zirconium silicates from the province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. First, the Mg-PSZ was synthesized from ZrO(OH)2, MgSO4·7H2O as dopant, and PEG-6000 for template. The obtained structure of Mg-PSZ was then analyzed using XRD. Next, physical properties were analyzed by means of hardness and stability in biological environment.
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8

Nutrient Media Formulation for Microbial Growth

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The media ingredients including glucose, fructose, maltose, arabinose, yeast extract, nutrient agar and mineral salts [CaCl2.2H2O, CuCl, FeCl3.6H2O, FeSO4. 7H2O, AlCl3.6H2O, Na3MoO4.2H2O, Co(NO3)2.6H2O, NaCl, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, MnSO4.4H2O] were obtained from Merck Chemical Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). The riboflavin standard was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co., United States).
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9

Selective Isolation of Ganoderma with GSM

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Grinded root samples were cultured on Ganoderma selective medium (GSM) as outlined by Ariffin and Seman (1991) . The GSM consists of two parts: Part A comprised of Bacto Peptone (Difco) 5.0 g, agar extra pure powder (QRëC) 20.0 g, MgSO4•7H2O (Merck) 0.25 g, K2HPO4 (QRëC) 0.5 g and distilled water pH 5.5 900 mL. Part B consisted of streptomycin sulphate (Sigma) 300 mg, chloramphenicol (Sigma) 100 mg, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) pure (Aldrich) 285 mg, Ridomil (25% WP) 130 mg, Benlate T20 150 mg, ethanol 95% (Sigma) 20 mL, lactic acid (Sigma) 50% 2 mL, tannic acid (R & M Chemicals) 1.25 g and distilled water pH 5.5 80 mL. Part A was stirred on a hot plate at 100 °C until dissolved before being autoclaved for 15 min. Part B was stirred for about 2 h at room temperature. Later part B was added to part A when the autoclaved medium had cooled down to 45-50 °C. The media provides a useful tool in isolating Ganoderma, free from other contaminants. The content of fungicide and antibiotics in GSM eliminates growth of bacteria and other contaminating fungi, while allowing Ganoderma to thrive.
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10

Escherichia coli Growth Optimization

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Bacterial suspensions of Escherichia coli CECT 434 were obtained from an overnight growth at 37 °C and under agitation (120 rpm) in R2A broth medium with the following composition (per liter): 0.5 g glucose (CHEM-LAB, Zedelgem, Belgium), 0.5 g peptone (Oxoid, Hampshire, England, UK), 0.1 g MgSO4.7H2O (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 0.5 g casein hydrolysate (Oxoid, Hampshire, England, UK), 0.3 g sodium pyruvate (Fluka, Steinheim, Germany), 0.5 g starch (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany ), 0.5 g yeast extract (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 0.4 g K2HO4P·3H2O (Applichem Panreac, Darmstadt, Germany).
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