1 2 propanediol

Amorolfine hydrochloride was purchased from ChemicalPoint (Deisenhofer, Germany). Ethanol 96% (Stumbras, Lithuania) was used as a solvent, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol P) (Gattefosse, France) as a plasticizer, while film-forming polymer amino methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit E100) was kindly gifted by Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany). Salicylic acid was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Germany); glycerol from Applichem (Germany). 1,2-propanediol, polyethylene glycol 400; polyethylene glycol 1500; and urea were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and used as chemical enhancers. Tween 60, Tween 40, citric acid monohydrate, sodium carbonate, acetone, benzoic acid, methanol, and ethyl acetate were used as enhancers, and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Triacetin was kindly supplied by Lanxess (Germany), while thioglycolic acid was kindly gifted by Merck Group (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid for chromatographic analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany).

Copper (II) acetate monohydrate (98%, Komponent-Reaktiv, Moscow, Russia), Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (98%, Ruskhim, Moscow, Russia) and Copper (II) chloride dihydrate (98%, Komponent-Reaktiv, Moscow, Russia) were used as precursors for ultrafine copper particle formation without any further purification. Potassium hydroxide (98%, Chimmed, Moscow, Russia), glycerol (≥99.3%, Komponent-Reaktiv, Moscow, Russia) and distilled water were used as reaction feeds. In addition, 1,2-Butanediol (98%, abcr, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as the inner standard, and 1,2-propanediol (>99%, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), ethylene glycol (≥99.5%, Komponent-Reaktiv, Moscow, Russia), DL-lactic acid in aqueous solution (80%, Komponent-Reaktiv, Moscow, Russia) and hydroxyacetol (technical, Acros organics, Austria) were used for the GC quantification method. Trimethylsilylating reagent TMS-HT (hexamethyldisilazane + trimethylchlorosilane in anhydrous pyridine; abcr, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used for derivatization. For all hydrogenation processes, hydrogen gas (grade A in accordance with GOST 3022-80, MGPZ, Moscow, Russia) was used. For comparison purposes, a commercial copper chromite catalyst, VNH-103 (Vniineftekhim-103), that contained approximately 56% copper was used. The catalyst was reduced in hydrogen flow (10 vol % H₂/Ar, 6 h at 300 °C) before use.

Chemically N-acetylated chitosans were prepared using acetic anhydride (Roth, Germany)^{74 (link)}. Briefly, chitosan (DP 1300, Đ 1.8, F_A 0.03; prepared from shrimp shell α-chitin by four sequential heterogeneous de-N-acetylation steps using hot alkali by Mahtani Chitosan, Veraval, India^{95 (link)} was solubilised in water by adding 5% stoichiometric excess of acetic acid and stirred until completely dissolved. One volume of 1,2-propanediol (Roth, Germany) was added to the chitosan solution to reduce the isoelectric constant of the medium and to help chitosan chains to adopt an open conformation. acetic anhydride was then added in the required molar amount to reach the target F_A. After 24 h at RT, chitosan was precipitated with an ammonia solution (23% w/v (Roth, Germany)). The polymer precipitate was washed to neutrality and freeze-dried for subsequent use.