Colitis was induced in mice by adding 4% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, molecular weight 40000) (Sigma-Aldrich) to the drinking water and allowing ad libitum access, starting from day 0 for 5 d. Groups of mice (at least 5 mice per group) were then orally treated (by gavage) daily with Dx (0.0001 mg/g bw), Cb (0.004 mg/g bw) or DxCb-SLN (0.0001 mg/g bw:0.004 mg/g bw) starting from day 6 for 3 d. Moreover, in a group in which colitis was induced, as a sham treatment mice were administered orally with sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution (150 μL/mouse per day) starting from day 6 for 3 d (DSS group), whereas in another group colitis was not induced (control group). All groups were sacrificed on day 10. There were at least 5 mice per group, and two separate experiments were carried out. There was no significant difference in the water consumption and food intake of each group during all experimental periods.
Dextran sulfate sodium salt dss
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) is a synthetic polysaccharide commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is a negatively charged, water-soluble substance. DSS is often utilized in cell and molecular biology research applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Anti ly6g 1a8, by BioLegend (1 mentions)
Anti mouse rat foxp3 staining kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Streptomycin, by Meilun (1 mentions)
Nf κb p65, by Abcam (1 mentions)
Butyric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isovaleric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caproic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Valeric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isobutyric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Propanoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Interleukin 6 (il 6), by Nanjing Jiancheng (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Salicylazosulfapyridine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isohexanoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Il 1β, by Nanjing Jiancheng (1 mentions)
Il 10, by Nanjing Jiancheng (1 mentions)
Lipopolysaccharides (lps), by Nanjing Jiancheng (1 mentions)
Metformin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fluostar optima, by BMG Labtech (1 mentions)
Fitc dextran, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using dextran sulfate sodium salt dss
1
Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Model in Mice
2
Antibody panel for T cell analysis
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Anti-CD45.2-FITC (104); Anti-CD11b-PE (M1/70), Anti-CD4-FITC (RM4–4), anti-CD4-PE (RM 4–5), anti-GITR-PE (RAM34), anti-IL-10 (JES5-16E3), Anti-IFNγ-PE (XMG1.2), anti-IL-10-APC (JES5-16E3) were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-CD3-PE (17A2), Anti-CD4-APC (RM4–5) mAbs were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego CA). Anti-mouse/Rat Foxp 3 staining kit was purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-CD3 mAb (CD 3–12) was purchased from GeneTex (Alton Parkway Irvine, CA, USA), anti-Ly-6G (1A8) was purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA).
Ovalbumin (OVA), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS) were bought from Sigma. Anti-IL10 receptor (1B1.3a) Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) was ordered from BioXcell, USA and stored at -80 °C till further use.
Long HPV16 E7 peptide GQAEPDRAHYNIVTFCCKCDSTLRLCVQSTHVDIR, HPV16 E7 the MHC class I (H-2 Db) restricted epitope RAHYNIVTF, the MHC class I (H-2 Db) restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide SIIFINKLE, and the MHC class II (H-2 Db) restricted peptide ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR were synthesised and purified by Mimotopes (Melbourne, Australia). The purity of the synthesised peptides were 95% and was determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Peptides were dissolved in 0.5% DMSO in PBS and stored at −20 °C till use.
Ovalbumin (OVA), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS) were bought from Sigma. Anti-IL10 receptor (1B1.3a) Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) was ordered from BioXcell, USA and stored at -80 °C till further use.
Long HPV16 E7 peptide GQAEPDRAHYNIVTFCCKCDSTLRLCVQSTHVDIR, HPV16 E7 the MHC class I (H-2 Db) restricted epitope RAHYNIVTF, the MHC class I (H-2 Db) restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide SIIFINKLE, and the MHC class II (H-2 Db) restricted peptide ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR were synthesised and purified by Mimotopes (Melbourne, Australia). The purity of the synthesised peptides were 95% and was determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Peptides were dissolved in 0.5% DMSO in PBS and stored at −20 °C till use.
3
Gut Microbiota Modulation for Colorectal Cancer
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Six‐week‐old male C57BL/6 wildtype mice were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal. Before bacterial intragastric administration, the mice were fed with 2 mg/mL streptomycin (Cat. #MB1275, Meilunbio, Dalian, Liaoning, China) in the drinking water for 7 days to ensure the consistency of microbiata level between the mice and facilitate B.a colonization as previous studies reported [27 (link)]. Mice were given a cycle of one single intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane (AOM, Cat. #A5486, Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA, 10 mg/kg body weight) at the first week, then followed by three cycles of 5 days of 2.5% Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS, Cat. #160110, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, California, USA) administration. After streptomycin treatment, mice were administrated of 1 × 109 colony forming units (CFU) of B.a, E.coli, or the same volume of PBS three times per week for 120 days for the development of neoplastic lesions.
4
Investigating Colonic Inflammation and Gut Microbiome
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Sweet tea was collected from Sichuan Mu Jiang Ye Ke Tea Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, molecular weight 36–50 kDa); salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP); and standards for SCFAs, including acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, and isohexanoic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The commercial kits for myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, LPS, and urine fecal occult blood were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific to Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and NF-κB p65 were obtained from Abcam (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
5
Metformin and DSS-Induced Colitis Model
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Metformin (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat No. 317240) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS) (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat No. 67578) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Metformin was dissolved in H2O and stored at −20°C. Mice were dosed with a Metformin compound formulation of 400 mg/kg once per day by oral gavage.
6
Intestinal Permeability Assessment in Colitis Mice
7
NQO1 Regulation in Colitis Model
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NQO1-WT and NQO1-KO mice were kindly provided by Dr. Shong (Chungnam University, Daejeon, Korea). All mice were bred and maintained in conventional mouse facilities at Daejin University (Pochen, Korea), housed four per cage in a room maintained at a constant temperature (25℃). All protocols conformed to the Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. The polyclonal antibody against claudin-1 was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). The polyclonal antibodies against NQO1, occludin, E-cadherin, acetylated histone-3, histone-3, Sp1, Cox-2 and tubulin were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The β-actin antibody, dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) and 2, 7-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
8
Characterization of A. villosum Extract
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The dried A. villosum was provided by Zhonghua Chunsharen Professional Cooperative in Yangchun City (Guangdong Province, China) and stored at room temperature for further use.
The series of chemical reagents and standards, including multiple monosaccharide standards and dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-α immunosorbent kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Jiangsu Province, China). Commercial kits associated with RT-PCR were obtained from Takara Bio (Kusatsu, Japan). Other chemical reagents used in the current research were of analytical grade and were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory.
The series of chemical reagents and standards, including multiple monosaccharide standards and dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-α immunosorbent kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Jiangsu Province, China). Commercial kits associated with RT-PCR were obtained from Takara Bio (Kusatsu, Japan). Other chemical reagents used in the current research were of analytical grade and were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory.
9
Synthesis of Polymeric and Metallic Nanoparticles
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For MCA and carbon dot (CD) synthesis, PLA (3 mm granule, M w B 60 000), chloroform, Nile red, fluorescein isothiocyanatedextran (FITC-dextran, M w B 70 000), and dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, M w B 40 kDa) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) kit, consisting of a prepolymer and a curing agent (Sylgard 184), was purchased from Dow-Corning, Midland, USA.
For the gold nanorod (GNR) synthesis, all chemicals were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without further purification. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 498.0%), L-ascorbic acid (499.9%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 wt% in water), and sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 , 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl 4 Á3H 2 O) and silver nitrate (AgNO 3 , 499%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q Integral 5 system with a resistivity of B18.2 MO cm was used in all experiments.
For the gold nanorod (GNR) synthesis, all chemicals were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without further purification. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 498.0%), L-ascorbic acid (499.9%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 wt% in water), and sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 , 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl 4 Á3H 2 O) and silver nitrate (AgNO 3 , 499%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q Integral 5 system with a resistivity of B18.2 MO cm was used in all experiments.
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