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3 protocols using deoxyshikonin

1

Quantitative Analysis of Plant Phenolic Acids

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Methanol HPLC LC-MS Grade (CAS no. 67-56-1) and acetic acid (CAS no. 64-19-7) of HPLC Grade were purchased in Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (CAS no. 67-56-1) for plant material extraction purchased in Avantor Performance Materials (Poland). Standard substances of rosmarinic (CAS no. 20283-92-5), chlorogenic (CAS no. 327-97-9), caffeic (CAS no. 331-39-5), ferulic (CAS no. 1135-24-6), 3,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic (CAS no. 2450-53-5), sinapic (CAS no. 530-59-6) and p-coumaric (CAS no. 501-98-4) acids were purchased in Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland); 5-O-feruoylouinic acid (CAS no. 1135-24-6) was purchased in LCG Standards Poland. Lithospermic B acid (CAS 115939-25-8), shikonin (CAS no. 517-88-4), acetylshikonin (CAS no. 24502-78-1), isobutyrylshikonin (CAS no. 52438-12-7), deoxyshikonin (CAS no. 43043-74-9) and isovalerylshikonin (CAS no. 52387-14-1) were purchased in ChemFaces (Wuhan, China).
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2

Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Assay Protocol

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Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) for cell culture were obtained from Gibco Life Technologies. Specific antibodies for ERK1/2, JNK1/2, phosphorylated (p)‐ERK1/2, p‐JNK1/2, caspases 8 and 9, cleaved caspases 3, 8, and 9, XIAP and cIAP‐1 and 2 were purchased from Cell Signalling Technology. Antibodies specific for p38 and p‐p38 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The Fluorescein Isothiocyanate‐labelled (FITC) Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I and Human Apoptosis Array Kit were obtained from BD Biosciences and R&D Systems, respectively. Other chemicals used in this study were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Deoxyshikonin, with ≥98% purity of HPLC grade, was purchased from ChemFaces and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma‐Aldrich).
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3

HPLC Analysis of Shikonin Derivatives

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HPLC grade solvents were used in this study including acetonitrile and ethanol absolute purchased from VWR Chemicals (Tingalpa, Australia) and water ordered from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid, >99% purity (Sigma, Castle Hill, Australia) was used to acidify mobile phase. Chemical standards including acetylshikonin (1), deoxyshikonin (2) and dimethylacrylshikonin (3) were purchased from Chemfaces (Wuhan, China). Shikonin (7) was purchased from Biomol (Hamburg, Germany).
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