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4 protocols using carbamazepine 10 11 epoxide

1

Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment Protocols

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All pharmaceutical compounds,
acridine, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, and 9-acridinecarboxylic acid
standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Actual latrine wastewater
was collected from a public electrochemical toilet prototype on the
campus of Caltech (Pasadena, CA). Secondary effluent was obtained
from Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (Whittier, CA) and
stored in the dark at 4 °C for less than 1 month prior to use.
Stock solutions of individual pharmaceuticals were prepared at
20 μM in relevant electrolytes and stored under room temperature
in the dark. Wastewater samples were filtered with 0.45 μm glass
fiber membranes and amended with pharmaceuticals (2 μM) before
treatment.
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2

Quantification of Carbamazepine and Metabolites

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Carbamazepine (CBZ), Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPOX), acridone (ACRO), acridine (ACRI), oxcarbazepine (OX) and Carbamazepine-d10 (CBZ-d10) analytical standards (purity grade ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Iminostilbene, 9-acridinecarboxylic acid, 9-acridine-carboxaldehyde and 10-11 dihydroCarbamazepine (all purity ≥ 98%) identified by suspect screening analysis and acquired for confirmatory purposes were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich. LC-MS grade acetonitrile (MeCN), methanol (MeOH), water, formic acid and acetic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. For QuEChERS, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium acetate (NaOAc), octadecyl silica (C18) and primary-secondary amine (PSA)
were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Hydromatrix was provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, USA).
Stock standard solutions were prepared in MeOH at a concentration of 1000 mg L -1 . A mixed working solution containing all standards was prepared at 10 mg L -1 in MeOH by proper dilution of each stock standard solution. All solutions were prepared in amber glass vials and stored at -20 °C. CBZ-d10 was used as extraction quality control check.
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3

Multi-analyte LC-MS/MS Analysis of Environmental Samples

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The analytical standards aspartame, methylparaben, triclocarban, caffeine, carbamazepine, carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide, cotinine, paracetamol, R/S(±)-amphetamine, R/S(±)-atenolol, R/S(±)chlorpheniramine, R/S(±)-citalopram, R/S(±)-fluoxetine, R/S(±)-MDMA, R/S(±)-propranolol and R/S(±)-salbutamol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) as well as the following labelled surrogate standards: caffeine-13C3, carbamazepine-d10, carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide-d10, cotinine-d3, paracetamol-d4, triclocarban-d3, R/S(±)-amphetamine-d11, R/S(±)-atenolol-d7, R/S(±)-
propranolol-d7 and R/S(±)-salbutamol-d3. Oasis HLB (60mg, 3mL) cartridges for solid phase extraction (SPE) were obtained from Waters (Manchester, UK). HPLC-grade methanol, ammonium acetate and acetic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Ultra-pure water used throughout the study was of 18.2 MΩ cm -1 quality. For method development and validation, effluent (5 L) was collected from a septic tank which serves 7 inhabitants in Aberdeenshire, North East Scotland. Stream water (10 L) was collected from a tributary of the River Don, Aberdeenshire.
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4

Chiral Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues

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Carbamazepine, Carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide, triclocarban, R/S(±)-salbutamol, R/S(±)-propranolol hydrochloride, R/S(±)-atenolol, R/S(±)-amphetamine, R/S(±)-MDMA, R/S(±)-chlorpheniramine maleate and R/S(±)-fluoxetine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) (Table S1). The deuterated surrogate standards Carbamazepine-D10, Carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide-D10, triclocarban-D3, R/S(±)-salbutamol-D3, R/S(±)-propranolol-D7 hydrochloride, R/S(±)amphetamine-D11, R/S(±)-MDMA-D5 and R/S(±)-fluoxetine-D6 hydrochloride were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The majority of analyte standards and deuterated standards were purchased as 0.1 or 1 mg mL -1 ampules in methanol. Those purchased as powders were prepared in methanol at 1 mg mL -1 . All solutions were stored in the dark at -20 °C. Methanol, ammonium acetate and acetic acid were HPLC grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Water used throughout the study was of 18.2 MΩ cm -1 quality. Oasis HLB and MCX cartridges (60 mg, 3 mL) were purchased from Waters (Manchester, UK). Enantioselective Chirobiotic V ® and Chirobiotic V2 ® HPLC columns (250 x 2.1 mm; 5 µm) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Agricultural soil was collected from arable farmland in North-East Scotland. The soil in question had not been treated with digested sludge or animal manure in the last 10 years.
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