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22 protocols using gastight syringe

1

Gelatin Hydrogel Nonwoven Fabric for Islet Transplantation

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A gelatin hydrogel nonwoven fabric (GHNF; NIKKE MEDICAL Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was prepared using a previously reported method [16 (link)] and processed into a circular sheet (22 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness). Two GHNF sheets sandwiching a silicone spacer (26 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) were placed into the left dorsal subcutaneous space 3 weeks before islet implantation (GHNF group), and a silicone spacer alone was also arranged in the same way (control group). The duration of pretreatment was determined according to a previous report in mice by comparison with hematoxylin–eosin staining [12 (link)]. GHNF and silicone spacers were implanted into healthy rats and STZ was injected 7 days before islet transplantation.
After removing the silicone spacer, different numbers of syngeneic rat islets were transplanted using a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV, USA) to determine the marginal dose of islet grafts using GHNF that normalizes the blood glucose levels (2,700–4,680 islet equivalents (IEQs); n = 11, 5,400–6,300 IEQs; n = 7, 7,200–9,360 IEQs; n = 8). For evaluating the impact of GHNF, 5,400 IEQs of islets were implanted into the pretreated space in the GHNF and control groups. The recipients were followed by measuring the non-fasting blood glucose levels every 3–4 days throughout the study period (60 days after islet transplantation).
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2

Potency Quantification of Plectreurys Venom

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To assess potency of Plectreurys venom, we quantified the dose at which 50% of crickets (Acheta domestica) injected were paralyzed after 60min (PD50). We diluted venom in physiologically buffered lepidopteran saline solution (5mM KH2PO4/100mM KCl/4mM NaCl/15mM MgCl2/2mM CaCl2, pH 6.5) and established a dosage range distributed around the PD50 by performing preliminary injections. Experimental doses were 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6µg of crude venom protein with three replicate assays each, on 20 crickets per dose, by injection into the dorsal mesothorax using a PB-600 dispenser with a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co). With each replicate, we injected an additional 20 control crickets with 0.4μl of saline, a volume equal to the largest dose volume. Paralysis was scored every 10min for 1hr based on the ability of a cricket to right itself. PD50 values were generated for both absolute amounts of venom injected (µg) and for weight standardized dose (µg/gm cricket) using the EPA Probit Analysis Program for calculation of LC/EC values (version 1.5 SAS).
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3

Gastric Administration of Solutions

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Polyethylene tubing (SP-10, Natsume Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan) was implanted for solution administration in the lumen of the stomach via the mouth. The solution was placed in a gastight syringe (#1002, Hamilton Co., Reno, NV, USA) and administered over 5 min with an infusion pump (ESP-64, EICOM). A maximum of three doses was administered per mouse, and the order of administration was randomized. The interval between administrations was at least 60 min.
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4

Quantifying Pholcid Venom Potency

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To assess the potency of pholcid venom, we quantified the dose at which 50% of crickets (Acheta domesticus) injected were paralyzed after 60 min (PD50). We diluted venom in physiologically buffered lepidopteran saline solution (5 mM KH2PO4/100 mM KCl/4 mM NaCl/15 mM MgCl2/2 mM CaCl2, pH 6.5) and established a dosage range distributed around the PD50 by performing preliminary injections. Experimental doses were 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 µg of crude venom protein with two replicate assays each on 15 crickets per dose by injection into the dorsal mesothorax using a PB-600 dispenser with a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co.). With each replicate, we injected an additional 15 control crickets with 0.4 µl of saline, a volume equal to the largest dose volume. Paralysis was scored every 10 min for 1 h based on the ability of a cricket to right itself. PD50 values were generated for both absolute amounts of venom injected (µg) and for weight standardized dose (µg/g cricket) using the EPA Probit Analysis Program for calculation of LC/EC values (version 1.5 SAS).
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5

Gelatin Hydrogel Nonwoven Fabric for Islet Transplantation

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A gelatin hydrogel nonwoven fabric (Genocel; NIKKE MEDICAL Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was prepared using a previously reported method18 (link), and processed into a circular sheet type (11 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness). After swelling with physiological saline, two GHNF sheets sandwiching a silicon spacer (11 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) were placed into the left dorsal subcutaneous space at 6 weeks before islet transplantation (GHNF group). In the control group, a silicon spacer without GHNF was placed into the left dorsal subcutaneous space at 6 weeks before islet transplantation. GHNF was implanted into healthy mice, then the mice were injected with STZ, 7 days before islet transplantation.
After the removal of the silicon spacer (Fig. 1A,B), 400 IEQs (approximately 20,000 IEQs/kg) of syngeneic mouse islets were transplanted into the pretreated space using a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV, USA)17 (link) in the GHNF and control groups. On the other hand, in the intraportal transplantation (Ipo) group, 400 IEQs of syngeneic mouse islets in a total volume of 300 µL were infused into the recipient liver through the portal vein using a 27-gauge Surshield (TERUMO, Inc., Tokyo, Japan)55 (link). The recipients were followed by measuring non-fasting blood glucose levels every 3–4 days throughout the study period (42 days after islet transplantation) (Fig. 1C).
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6

Hydrogen and Oxygen Production from Cyanobacteria

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The hydrogen and oxygen production potential of A. cylindrica cells was determined as described previously (Leino et al. 2014 (link)). Cell samples cultivated either in ambient air, or in the 100 % CO2 atmosphere in 100 mbar pressure for 7 days were harvested by pelleting, washed twice with BG-110 (BG-medium without combined nitrogen), and adjusted to 5 mg chlorophyll a per ml concentration in BG-110 medium. Five milliliter samples of these cell suspensions were taken into air tight 20 ml glass vials. The vials were thoroughly flushed with argon to create anaerobic condition in the head space of the vials. The vials were tightly sealed with rubber septa, supplemented with 10 % CO2 when needed, and incubated overnight with constant shaking and illumination (150 μmol photons m−2 s−1) at 25 °C. The following day, 150 μl of air from the head space in each vial was drawn with a gas-tight syringe (Hamilton Co.) and plunged into a gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer Clarus 500, a Molecular Sieve 5 A, 60/80 Mesh column) to detect and quantify the gases produced, as described earlier (Leino et al. 2012 (link), 2014 (link); Raksajit et al. 2012 ).
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7

Quantifying Pholcid Venom Potency

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To assess the potency of pholcid venom, we quantified the dose at which 50% of crickets (Acheta domesticus) injected were paralyzed after 60 min (PD50). We diluted venom in physiologically buffered lepidopteran saline solution (5 mM KH2PO4/100 mM KCl/4 mM NaCl/15 mM MgCl2/2 mM CaCl2, pH 6.5) and established a dosage range distributed around the PD50 by performing preliminary injections. Experimental doses were 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 µg of crude venom protein with two replicate assays each on 15 crickets per dose by injection into the dorsal mesothorax using a PB-600 dispenser with a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co.). With each replicate, we injected an additional 15 control crickets with 0.4 µl of saline, a volume equal to the largest dose volume. Paralysis was scored every 10 min for 1 h based on the ability of a cricket to right itself. PD50 values were generated for both absolute amounts of venom injected (µg) and for weight standardized dose (µg/g cricket) using the EPA Probit Analysis Program for calculation of LC/EC values (version 1.5 SAS).
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8

Three-Dimensional Cell Encapsulation in Collagen

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Cells at concentration of 2–3 × 105 cells/mL were suspended in collagen gel (Gibco, Fisher Scientific) at 2 mg/mL in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 as described by Sapudom et al. [55 (link)]. A 250 micron glass capillary coupled to a GasTight syringe (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV, USA) was used to specifically fill the separate chambers with the desired cell populations (around 2–3 × 104 cells). Filled devices were then incubated for 30 min for polymerization of the collagen gel.
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9

Subcutaneous Islet Transplantation with Oxygen Delivery

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After implanting the oxygen delivery device into the subcutaneous space of diabetic recipient rats, 6000 islet equivalents (IEQs) of syngeneic rat islets were transplanted into subcutaneous site uniformly distributed just above the 30-mm-diameter diffuser plate of the oxygen delivery device using a plastic cannula-type 18G puncture needle and a gastight syringe (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV, USA)34 (link) to receive oxygen supply directly from the device. Then, the transplanted islets were covered with a seprafilm (KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan) to prevent them from moving away and to fix them to the transplant site. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and serum C-peptide (a byproduct of insulin production) measurement were performed as in vivo functional assessments of transplanted islets. The IVGTT was performed as previously described43 (link). D-glucose (3.0 g/kg) was intravenously infused, and the blood glucose concentrations were determined before and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the injection of glucose. Rat serum C-peptide was measured before and at 60 and 120 min after glucose injection using a rat C-peptide ELISA kit (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden). These assessments were performed 3 days after transplantation in the Pure oxygen and No gas groups (n = 5, respectively).
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10

Quantifying Methane Production via GC

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To quantify the CH4 production a gas chromatograph (GC) was used (Varian CP-3800, Walnut Creek, CA, USA), equipped with a flame ionization detector and a packed column Silica Gel 60/80 dimensions 18′×1/8″ stainless steel, the operating temperatures of the injector, the detector and the column were 170°C, 170°C, and 90°C respectively. With N2 as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 mL/min. For analysis of CH4 production, 30 μL were obtained from the headspace of each bottle with a gas-tight syringe (Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA; chromatography syringes) and injected in the GC at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post incubation. Gas production was measured using a biogas measurement system (Beuvink et al., 1992 ).
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