Analytical grade silver nitrate (AgNO3) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Muller Hilton agar (MHA) for microbiology experiments was procured from HIMEDIA Laboratories (Mumbai, India). The bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus used for the antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation were purchased from the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC, Chandigarh, India). Diospyros malabarica fruit was freshly collected from the Morigaon district of Assam, India. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and MTT reagent (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide dye) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The U87-MG (human primary glioblastoma) cell lines were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India.
Staphylococcus aureus
Manufactured by Microbial Type Culture Collection
Sourced in India
Staphylococcus aureus is a commonly used bacterial culture in microbiology laboratories. It is a Gram-positive, spherical-shaped bacterium that grows in clusters resembling grapes. Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread microorganism found on the skin and in the nasal passages of humans and animals.
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Lab products found in correlation
Escherichia coli, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (11 mentions)
Bacillus subtilis, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (8 mentions)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (7 mentions)
Klebsiella pneumoniae, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (6 mentions)
Salmonella typhi, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (5 mentions)
Bacillus cereus, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (4 mentions)
Candida albicans, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (3 mentions)
Co2 incubator, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Nutrient agar, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Proteus mirabilis, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Shigella flexneri, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Klebsiella pneumonia, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Listeria monocytogenes, by Microbial Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Multiskan fc, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Analytical grade silver nitrate agno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
U87mg, by National Centre for Cell Science (1 mentions)
Mtt reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Muller hinton agar, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Sabouraud dextrose agar, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
21 protocols using staphylococcus aureus
1
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Diospyros malabarica
2
Mycosynthesized AgNPs Bactericidal Evaluation
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Bactericidal activity of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli (MTCC 7410), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) and all test pathogens were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection, Chandigarh, India. Inoculum of test pathogens was prepared to obtain 5 × 105 CFU (Colony forming unit) and bactericidal activity was determined via CFU assay. In brief, Mueller–Hinton agar plates were supplemented with silver nanoparticles with different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL). Test inoculum was smeared onto the plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and one control was maintained without addition of silver nanoparticles. The colonies were counted and validated with the control plate to determine the effect of nanoparticles (Sondi and Salopek-Sondi, 2004 ). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was determined by broth micro-dilution technique based on the protocol described by Sarker et al. (2007) (link). Resazurin dye was used as a growth indicator to check the efficacy of nanoparticles against the test organisms. Gentamicin was used as positive control and bacterial growth in the plate was inspected visually as well as ELISA microtitre plate reader.
3
Antimicrobial Activity of B. pilosa Leaves
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Antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaves extract of B. pilosa was checked by the agar well diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. Pathogens used for the study were gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96); Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-2097) and Micrococcus luteus (MTCC-2070); gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (MTCC-739); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-2453) and a yeast pathogen Candida albicans (MTCC-3017), obtained from microbial type culture collection (MTCC), Chandigarh, India.
4
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus
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All the chemicals used in the study were of the highest purity. MRS media and Muller Hinton Agar were obtained from Himedia laboratory, pudicherry, India. Glycerol and diethyl ether were obtained from SRL laboratories, Mumbai, India. Staphylococcus aureus was obtained in lyophilized form from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh.
5
Antibacterial Evaluation of Citrus nobilis
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Fresh Citrus nobilis (Daisy variety) were harvested from a local farm of Mohali, Punjab, India. Analytical reagent grade media including Muller Hinton Agar (MHA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Nutrient agar, phosphoric acid, methanol was procured from Hi-Media, Private Limited, India. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 3384), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2295), and Salmonella typhmurium (MTCC 1254) one fungal strain Candida albicans (MTCC 183) were obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection, Chandigarh, India.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Based Nanomaterials
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The metal precursors such as nickel nitrate hexahydrate [Ni(NO3)2.6H2O; (99.99%)], sodium molybdate dihydrate [Na2MoO4.2H2O; (99.5%)], sodium hydroxide [NaOH; (97%)], and Urea [CO(NH2)2; (99.5%)] were purchased from sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Deionized water was used as a solvent throughout the synthesis of the material. Acridine orange (AO), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), Propidium Iodide (PI), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), potassium persulfate, trichloroacetic acid and other reagents and chemicals were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., (Mumbai, India). The pathogenic bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were obtained from the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh, India.
7
Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
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Silver nanoparticles synthesised using aqueous extract of P. foetida were tested for its potential antibacterial activity against a few bacterial pathogens such as E. coli (MTCC 1698), Klebsiella pneumoniae(MTCC 10309), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) and Bacillus cereus(MTCC 430) purchased from Microbial Type culture collection, IMTECH,Chandigarh. Agar Well diffusion assay method was followed, which involved the swabbing of 18 hours test inoculums in pre-sterilised nutrient agar plates. Wells were created, and each well was loaded with 100 µl of the solutions in the following order: water as control, aqueous extract of P. foetida, silver nitrate solution and silver nanoparticle solution. To test the synergy of silver nanoparticles and antibiotic, tetracycline discs and tetracycline discs loaded with silver nanoparticles were utilized.Then the sample loaded Mueller Hinton agar plates were incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hrs. Then the formation of a zone of inhibition was observed (Ibrahim, 2015) (link).
8
Bacterial Strains for Microbiological Studies
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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar Typhimurium (strain 12023) was a gift from Prof. D. Chakravortty (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India). Escherichia coli was a gift from Prof. S. Mahadevan (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India). Enterobacter cloacae (MTCC #7097), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC #441) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC #3160) were procured from the Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC; Imtech, Chandigarh, India).
9
Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy Evaluation
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Analytical grade silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99% pure), tetracycline, kanamycin, nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar, Mueller–Hinton agar used in the present study are purchased from Himedia Lab, Ltd., Mumbai, India. The endophytic bacteria Pantoea anthophila (GenBank accession no. MN077163) identified earlier by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing from W. indica were pure cultured and stored in the Department of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Salem. Bacterial pathogens such as Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC737), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC1133), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC2940), Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MTCC40), Proteus mirabilis (MTCC425), Salmonella typhi (MTCC733), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC2405) and fungal strains of Aspergillus niger (MTCC404), Candida albicans (MTCC183) and Penicillium chrysogenum (MTCC947) were obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh.
10
Microbial Pathogen Culture Collection and Characterization
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All the test microbial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 430), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC 435), Escherichia coli (MTCC 7410), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 7407), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457), Vibrio parahaemolyticus ((MTCC 451), Xanthomonas campestris (MTCC 7908), and Candida albicans (MTCC 183) were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC; Chandigarh, India).
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