Model cm20 microscope

Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried by an Xpert Pro X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical; Almelo, The Netherlands) using Cu Kα radiation (scan range 20–60° in 2θ, 0.01°/step; 3 s/step). Identification of the precipitates was performed using the XPowder software [34 ]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed with a STEM Philips Model CM20 microscope on ultrathin sections (50–70 nm) prepared by embedding the nanoparticles in Embed 812 resin and then cutting them using a Reichert Ultracut S microtome (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). The size of the crystals was measured on more than 1000 nanoparticles using the ImageJ 1.47 software, and size distribution curves were determined from these measurements. Basic mineral characterization is included in the present manuscript, while further characterization of the BMNPs [thermogravimetric analyses, specific surface area by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and hysteresis cycle] can be found in [28 (link),31 (link)]. The BMNPs used in the present study are superparamagnetic, contain up to 5 wt% MamC, and have an isoelectric point of ~4.4, specific surface area of ~90 m²/g, and blocking temperature of ~145 K [28 (link)].

Particle shape and size were examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), using a Philips Model CM20 microscope (Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Size distribution was assayed by measuring the size of 200 NPs using Image J software. Size and zeta potential measurements were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Zetasizer Nano (Malvern instruments, Malvern, UK). The luminescence of samples in suspension at a water concentration of 1 mg/mL was studied with a Jobin-Yvon Model Fluorolog FL3-22 spectrometer (HORIBA Scientific, Montpellier, France) equipped with a R928 Hamamatsu photomultiplier and a 450-W Xe excitation lamp. UV-visible absorption spectrum for Ru complex concentration evaluation was performed on a Varian Cary 5000 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA).