Carbidopa (CD, (2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid), levodopa (LD, (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid), vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), acetonitrile (MeCN), ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, methylsulfinylmethane), methanol (MeOH), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Brand drug Sinemet (200 mg levodopa, 50 mg Carbidopa, 35 mg excipients) was obtained from MSD (Rome, Italy), and its pharmaceutical alternative (generic drug) Hexal (200 mg levodopa, 50 mg Carbidopa, 194 mg excipients) was produced by Sandoz (Basel, Switzerland). All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and used as received without any further purification. All solutions were prepared using water obtained from Milli-Q Water Purification System (resistivity ≥ 18 MΩcm) (Germany, www.merckmillipore.com ).
Sinemet
Manufactured by MSD
Sourced in United States
Sinemet is a prescription medication used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It contains a combination of two active ingredients, carbidopa and levodopa, which work together to improve motor function and reduce the severity of Parkinson's symptoms. Sinemet is available in different formulations and dosages, and its core function is to provide symptomatic relief for individuals living with Parkinson's disease.
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3 protocols using sinemet
1
Comparative Analysis of Parkinson's Drugs
2
Growth Hormone Secretion Assessment
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After an overnight fast, an intravenous cannula was inserted. All provocation tests were performed in the morning hours with a 1-day interval between the two stimulation tests. To assess GH secretion, dopamine (Sinemet®, MSD, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA; body weight more than 30 kg, 500 mg; body weight 15 to 30 kg, 250 mg; body weight less than 15 kg, 125 mg of L-dopa) was administered orally. Blood samples were drawn immediately before the medication and 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes later to obtain the serum GH concentration for each time point. Insulin (0.1 IU/kg) was administered as an intravenous bolus at time 0 to induce a fall in the blood glucose level to 50 mg/dL or less (or one-half of the baseline glucose level). Blood samples were obtained immediately before injection and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after injection. No patients were primed with sex steroids before the provocation tests.
3
Evaluation of Growth Hormone Deficiency
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Patients who performed both baseline serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and GHST were sampled the same day. The ITT was conducted, and the other GHST was performed using clonidine and Levodopa (L-dopa). L-dopa (body weight >30 kg, 500 mg; 15–30 kg, 250 mg; <15 kg, 125 mg; Sinemet®; MSD, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) and clonidine (0.125 mg/m2; Clonidine Hydrochloride®, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Canonsburg, PA, USA) was orally administered after 8–10 h of overnight fasting without sex steroid priming. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Regular insulin (0.1 IU/kg) was administered intravenously as a bolus at time 0 to stimulate hypoglycaemia (blood glucose <45 mg/dL or 56 . All height, weight, and BMI standard deviation score (SDS) were calculated using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts52 (link). Serum IGF-1 levels were measured by an immunoradiometric assay (Immunotech, Marseille Cedex, France). The sensitivity of the assay was 2 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were less than 6.3% and 6.8%, respectively.
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