Multi n c analyzer

The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was recorded on a Rigaku D/Max 2200PC X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed on Thermal ESCALAB 250 electron spectrometers. The elemental content of the samples was determined through the ICP-MS (X7 Series, Thermo Electron Corporation). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra is obtained on a Nicolet 6700 spectrophotometer (Thermofisher). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer (A300-10/12, Bruker) was used to observe the generated reactive oxygen species. Total organic carbon (TOC) was measured via an Analytikjena multi N/C analyzer. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas and pore-size distributions of the samples were analyzed using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 system at liquid nitrogen temperature. The in situ Raman was collected using a confocal Raman microscope (ThermoScientificDXR2) with an excitation wavelength of 632 nm and 5.0 mW Laser power. Each Raman spectrum was acquired over an exposure time of 0.05 s and is the number of scans is 50. Electrochemical characterizations were performed with a CHI760E bipotentiostat with a standard three-electrode configuration.