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100 protocols using goat anti iba1

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Rabbit Brain

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Rabbit kits were anesthetized and intracardially perfused with saline followed by 10% formalin at G29, PND1 and PND5. Brains were post-fixed for 24 h and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose. 30 μm sections were cut with a cryostat and mounted onto poly-L-lysine coated slides (Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA). The sections were blocked with 5% donkey serum, incubated with goat anti-IBA1 (1:250, Abcam, MA, USA), rat anti-CD11b (1:100, Genetex, CA, USA) and mouse anti-CD45 (1:100, Bio-Rad, CA, USA), or goat anti-IBA1 (1:250, Abcam, MA, USA) and rabbit anti-iNOS (1:50, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA), followed by fluorescent secondary antibodies (1:250, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) for 2h. For TSPO and Lectin co-staining, sections were blocked with 5% donkey serum, and incubated with goat anti-TSPO (1:500, GeneTex, CA, USA) overnight at 4°C. The sections were washed, incubated with DyLight 594 lectin (1:250, Vector Laboratory) and fluorescent secondary antibody (1:250, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) for 2 h. Sections were washed and incubated in DAPI (1:1000) for 15 min. Immunolabelled sections were cover-slipped with Dako fluorescence mounting medium (VWR, PA, USA). All the images were captured on Zeiss LSM710 confocal microscope, keeping similar settings during image acquisition for different groups.
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Neuroinflammatory Markers

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Immunofluorescence procedures were performed as described previously. Briefly, the expression of FKN was analyzed by incubating sections of the CSF-contacting nucleus (40 μm) with goat anti-CB (1:400; Sigma, USA) and rabbit anti-CX3CL1 (1:500; Abcam, UK). The CX3CR1 expression was assessed by incubating sections of the CSF-contacting nucleus (40 μm) with goat anti-Iba-1 (1:200; Abcam) and rabbit anti-CX3CR1 (1:200; Abcam). Microglial expression was evaluated by incubating sections of the CSF-contacting nucleus (40 μm) with rabbit anti-CB (1:1000; Abcam) and goat anti-Iba-1(1:200; Abcam). All the specimens were incubated for 24 h at 4°C, followed by reaction with donkey anti-goat IgG conjugated with Alexa 546 (1:200; Life Technologies, USA) and donkey anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexa 488 (1:200; Life Technologies) in PBST for 1 h at 37°C. The sections were washed, transferred onto a slide and cover-slipped. Images were visualized under a confocal laser microscope (FV1000; Olympus, Japan).
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3

Immunohistochemical Analyses of Neuroinflammation

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Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to assess (1) the amount of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) as indicator for blood vessel quality and (2) activated microglia and macrophages as measure for neuroinflammation by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1). As described in detail previously, immunohistochemistry was performed using standard free-floating labeling procedures (Janssen et al., 2016 (link)). GLUT-1 was visualized using polyclonal rabbit anti-GLUT-1 antibody (1:40,000, Chemicon AB 1340, Chemicon International, Inc., Temecula, CA, United States) and as secondary antibody donkey anti-rabbit biotin (1:1500 Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, United States). For IBA-1 a primary antibody against IBA-1 polyclonal goat anti-IBA-1 (1:3000; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) was used. Donkey antigoat biotin (1:1500; Jackson ImmunoResearch) was used as a secondary antibody. Representative images of the ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemisphere were made with ImageJ (version 1.47, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States) stitching plugin (Preibisch et al., 2009 (link)), using three images that were taken with 5× magnification of different ROI.
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4

Visualizing RbAp48 Immunoreactivity in Astrocytes and Microglia

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To examine types of cells containing RbAp48 immunoreactivity, double immunofluorescence staining was performed according to our published protocol (Park and others 2016). In brief, we used rabbit anti-RbAp48 (1:100, abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA)/mouse anti-GFAP (1:400, abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) for astrocytes or goat anti-Iba1 (1:400, abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) for microglia. The sections were incubated in the mixture of the antisera, and the incubated sections were reacted in a mixture of both donkey anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 546 or 546 (1:500, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Fluor 488 (1:500, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and donkey anti-goat IgG, Alexa Fluor546 (1:500, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA).
The double immunoreaction for RbAp48/astrocytes or RbAp48/microglia was observed under a confocal MS (LSM510 META NLO, Carl Zeiss, Germany) in the Korea Basic Science Institute Chuncheon Center.
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5

Immunohistochemistry Workflow for Neuronal Markers

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Immunohistochemistry was performed as previously published (Sun et al. 2018 (link)). In brief, 3PM imaged mice were perfused and brains were fixed with 4% PFA. Brains were sectioned coronally at 30 μm with a microtome and immunohistochemistry carried out on free-floating sections. Sections were blocked with PBS+ (10% donkey serum, 0.1% Triton-X in PBS) and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, followed with Alexa fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). The following primary antibodies were used: rat anti-GFAP (1:500, Invitrogen 130300), goat anti-Dcx (1:100, Santa Cruz sc-8066), goat anti-Iba1 (1:500, Abcam ab5076), rabbit anti-S100ß (Dako Z031129-2), mouse anti-Mash1 (1:100, BD Biosciences 556604). DAPI (Sigma) was used for counterstaining cell nuclei blue before mounting. Zeiss confocal scanning microscopes (Model 710 or 800) were used for image acquisition. About, 1 μm intervals were used for Z-stack scanning.
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6

Immunohistochemical Labeling of Glial Cells

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For immunohistochemistry, explants or free-floating tissue sections were rinsed in PBS. For myelin proteins, tissues were permeabilized 10% Triton X-100 in PBS (PBSTx) for 20 min and then rinsed in PBS. Tissues are blocked with 5% normal donkey serum (NDS) in PBSTx (1%) for 1h, and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at room temperature. Following 3, 10 min washes in PBS, Alexa Fluor-labeled secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) were applied (1:800) 2h at room temperature, washed 3 times for 10 min in PBS, mounted on slides with water, dried and cover-slipped with Fluoromount G (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL). The following primary antibodies were used: Rat anti-PLP 1:100 (Yamamura et al., 1991 (link)), Rabbit anti-S100b 1:500 (Sigma, S2644), Rabbit anti-GFAP 1:1000 (Sigma, G9269), Goat anti-Iba1 1:400 (Abcam, ab5076), Guinea Pig anti-NG2 1:2000, Rabbit anti-NG2 1:2000, and Rabbit anti-PDGFRa 1:500 (Gifts from William Stallcup, Burnham Institute).
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7

Penumbra Inflammatory Pathway Analysis

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Penumbra was dissected from brain ischemia and then homogenized in the RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Nantong, China) containing a whole proteinase inhibitor cocktail. A BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime) was used to determine the protein concentration. The extracted proteins were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrically transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Then, the membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature. The following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-NLRP3 (1:1,000; Adipogen, San Diego, California, USA), rabbit anti-pro–caspase-1 (1:1,000; Santa Cruz, California, USA), rabbit anti-cleaved–caspase-1 (1:3,000; Adipogen, San Diego, California, USA), goat anti–Iba-1 (1:2,000; Abcam, Cambridge, London, UK), and mouse anti-GAPDH (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). The membranes were shaken at 60 rpm at 4°C overnight and incubated with a secondary anti-rabbit or mouse antibodies (1:10,000; Thermo Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) for 2 h at room temperature. The protein bands were visualized using Bio-Rad system.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of iNOS and Iba1

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Cells were seeded on slides, and then the cells were treated accordingly based on the experimental groupings. The next day, the slides were soaked in 5% goat serum containing 0.3% Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature. Then, rabbit anti-iNOS (1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and goat anti-Iba1 (1:500, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) primary antibodies were added to the slides and incubated overnight at 4°C. After being washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times, the slides were incubated in Alexa Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG and Cy3-labeled donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibodies (1:500, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) for 1 h at room temperature, and DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei for 5 min. Details can be found in our previous study (Huang et al., 2018 (link)). The slides were observed under a microscope (Leica, Germany) after being washed with PBS buffer.
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Brain Markers

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Brain sections were permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X-100 for 10 min and then washed. Nonspecific staining was blocked with 3% BSA for 1 h. The sections were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Primary antibodies included rabbit anti-PGC-1α (1:300, Abcam), goat anti-Iba-1 (1:800, Abcam), mouse anti-eGFP (1:250, Abcam), rabbit anti-Iba-1 (1:500, Wako), rabbit anti-GFAP (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-NeuN (1:500, Abcam), rabbit anti-NLRP3 (1:50, Abcam), rabbit anti-ASC (1:50, Santa Cruz), goat anti-GFAP (1:1000, Abcam), and mouse anti-NeuN (1:1000, Abcam). After incubation with primary antibodies, the sections were washed with PBS (5 × 5 min) and then incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. For the analysis of neuronal apoptosis, brain sections were incubated with TUNEL reagents following the manufacturer’s guidelines.
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10

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Iron Regulatory Proteins

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The brain sections were incubated with normal serum from the animal species that produced the secondary antibodies for 30 min and then incubated with mouse anti-transferrin (TF; Santa Cruz, 1:1000), mouse anti-TF receptor 1 (TFR1; Thermo, 1:500), rabbit anti-TF receptor 2 (TFR2; Abcam, 1:200), rabbit anti-ferroportin (FPn; Thermo, 1:1000), rabbit anti-ferritin (Abcam, 1:500), goat anti-Iba1 (Abcam, 1:200), and mouse anti-TH (ImmunoStar, 1:2000) overnight at 4 °C. Subsequently, the sections were incubated with DyLight 594-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG or goat anti-rabbit IgG. Finally, the sections were labeled with 4′ 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (H-1500, Vector Labs, USA), mounted with anti-fluorescence quenching mounting medium, and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (SP8, Leica, Germany).
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