Malondialdehyde

T-2 toxin and SeMet was purchased from Sangon Biotich (Shanghai, China). ALT, AST, TP, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), SOD, GSH-PX, Malondialdehyde (MDA), T-AOC assay kits and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kits were purchased from the Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Perfect Real Time) and SYBR® Premix Ex Taq kits were purchased from Takara (Dalian, China). All other chemicals used were of the highest grade commercially available.

LSE was purchased from Beijing Centre Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). DSS (36–50 kDa) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (70 kDa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Assay kits, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), LPS, and ROS, were purchased from Nanjing Jian Cheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). TRIzol reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed using TB Green Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa, Kusatsu, Japan). The primers used for qPCR were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). SCFA standards, including acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Nitazoxanide (99%, CAS: 55981‐09‐4) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and diluted into a stock solution of 10 mg/ml with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at room temperature. The working solution was prepared by diluting the stock solution with embryo culture solution (0.3325 g/L sea salt, 4.2 mM sodium bicarbonate; pH = 7.2) before conducting the experiment. Kits for measuring enzyme activity or other biological indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ROS were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biological Engineering (Nanjing, China). RNA extraction kits, cDNA reverse transcriptase kits and Quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) reagents were purchased from Takara (Japan). TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Alexa Fluor 640) was purchased from Shanghai yeasen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Gadofullerene nanoparticles (GFNPs) were kindly granted by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. All other biochemical reagents were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and were analytically pure.