Leaf osmolality was estimated using vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO) (Wescor Inc., Logan, UT, USA) as described previously52 (link). Briefly, leaf tissue collected from each stress levels was placed in 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes with holes in the bottom and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The tubes were allowed to thaw, placed inside another tube, and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 5 min. The osmolality of the eluted sap was measured.
Vapro
Manufactured by Wescor
Sourced in United States
The VAPRO is a laboratory equipment designed for measuring the vapor pressure of liquids and solids. It utilizes the chilled mirror dew point technique to determine the vapor pressure of samples. The VAPRO provides accurate and reliable measurements of vapor pressure across a wide temperature range.
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Lab products found in correlation
8 protocols using vapro
1
Measuring Leaf Osmolality using VAPRO
2
Osmotic Potential Measurement in Barley
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After 5 weeks of treatment with 300 mM NaCl, the third leaf of the barley transgenic and WT plants harvested and stored at À20 C. Leaf sap was extracted using a freeze-thaw method (Tomos et al. 1984) (link) and osmolality was measured using the vapour pressure osmometer (Vapro, Wescor Inc.). The sample size for both control and salt treated plants was n = 6. The measured Na + and K + concentrations in the tissue were used to calculate the relative contribution of these ions towards overall sap osmotic potential. Contribution of Cl À was estimated as 1.2 of that for Na + , as previously described (James et al. 2006; (link)Puniran-Hartley et al. 2014) (link).
3
Stereotaxic Intracerebroventricular Injection of STZ for AD Induction
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In order to induce AD or prepare sham operation, we stereotaxically injected intracerebroventricular STZ (3mg /kg of b/w; bilateral) or aCSF (5µl/site; bilateral) under sodium thiopentone (50 mg/kg of b/w) anesthesia.
Injection was performed using a 25 µl Hamilton syringe (22G; 700N glass) placed in arm-held Elite-11 mini pump (Harvard Apparatus, USA) at a rate of 1µl/min, while body temperature was maintained during and after surgery in homeothermic monitoring system (Harvard Apparatus, USA) following previous protocol (Ferry et al. 2014).
Briefly, after anesthesia animals were fixed in David-Kopf stereotaxic frame and flat-skull position was achieved cross-checking DV position of Bregma and Lambdoid suture, finally injection was given at AP: -0.84 mm; ML: ±1.5 mm; DV: -3.5 mm coordinates based on rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Charles Watson 2007), through a burrhole made using a drill-bit (>22G) attached to driller (Foredom, USA). After completion of each injection needle was kept in the same position at least for 3min. Further, postoperative care was taken using meloxicam (Intas pharmaceuticals, India); and gentamicin as analgesic and antibiotic respectively for 3-5 days. aCSF was prepared (Mehla et al. 2012a ) and its osmolality checked and maintained at 295±5 mmol/kg to avoid any brain osmotic shock with vapour pressor osmometer (5600; Vapro; Wescor Inc.; USA).
Injection was performed using a 25 µl Hamilton syringe (22G; 700N glass) placed in arm-held Elite-11 mini pump (Harvard Apparatus, USA) at a rate of 1µl/min, while body temperature was maintained during and after surgery in homeothermic monitoring system (Harvard Apparatus, USA) following previous protocol (Ferry et al. 2014).
Briefly, after anesthesia animals were fixed in David-Kopf stereotaxic frame and flat-skull position was achieved cross-checking DV position of Bregma and Lambdoid suture, finally injection was given at AP: -0.84 mm; ML: ±1.5 mm; DV: -3.5 mm coordinates based on rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Charles Watson 2007), through a burrhole made using a drill-bit (>22G) attached to driller (Foredom, USA). After completion of each injection needle was kept in the same position at least for 3min. Further, postoperative care was taken using meloxicam (Intas pharmaceuticals, India); and gentamicin as analgesic and antibiotic respectively for 3-5 days. aCSF was prepared (Mehla et al. 2012a ) and its osmolality checked and maintained at 295±5 mmol/kg to avoid any brain osmotic shock with vapour pressor osmometer (5600; Vapro; Wescor Inc.; USA).
4
Osmotic Potential in Stressed Tobacco
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The leaf segments of 45 days old stressed and unstressed tobacco plants were harvested and incubated at -20°C. After overnight incubation, plant samples were thawed and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min. The cell sap extract was used to measure cellular osmotic potential using vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO, Wescor Inc., USA). The experiment was carried out three times, and each contained three biological replicates.
5
Semen Analysis: Standard Protocols
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Ejaculate samples were analyzed using standard protocols for the following macroscopic semen characteristics: volume, color, pH, osmolality, viscosity. The pH of each ejaculate was measured using pH indicator strips (Ricca Chemical Company, Arlington, TX) and osmolality (mOsm) was analyzed using a vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO; Wescor Inc., Logan, Utah). Osmolality was measured in triplicate and reported as the mean value for each ejaculate sample. Viscosity was analyzed using a 20 μm deep four-chambered slide (Cell Vision Technologies, Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands) and measuring the elapsed time for the sample to traverse the chamber.
6
Investigating Temperature Effects on Oral Suspension Stability
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In order to investigate the influence of temperature on the physical and chemical stability properties of the oral suspensions, three bottles from different batches of each API were stored throughout the study duration either at room temperature (22 ± 4 °C) or under controlled refrigeration (5 ± 3 °C) (temperature was monitored daily).
API concentrations were determined at days 0, 7, 14, 30, 42, and 60, using the HPLC-UV methods described below. Oral suspension samples, collected after shaking in order to obtain uniform dispersion of the API, were diluted in methanol (1:10, v:v), centrifuged at 3500 g for 10 min, and supernatants were then diluted in methanol (1:10, v:v) before injecting onto the column.
According to the US Pharmacopoeia, compounded preparations are considered to be stable if the API concentration remains within 90–110% of the initial value (day 0) [27 ].
Osmolality and pH were also determined during the stability study, using a vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO®, Wescor, Fontenay, France) and a pH-meter (EcoScan®, Eutech Instrument, Fontenay, France), respectively. In addition, physical appearance was investigated by visual inspection performed in a transparent glass vial, in order to check the initial color and opalescent aspect of the suspension.
API concentrations were determined at days 0, 7, 14, 30, 42, and 60, using the HPLC-UV methods described below. Oral suspension samples, collected after shaking in order to obtain uniform dispersion of the API, were diluted in methanol (1:10, v:v), centrifuged at 3500 g for 10 min, and supernatants were then diluted in methanol (1:10, v:v) before injecting onto the column.
According to the US Pharmacopoeia, compounded preparations are considered to be stable if the API concentration remains within 90–110% of the initial value (day 0) [27 ].
Osmolality and pH were also determined during the stability study, using a vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO®, Wescor, Fontenay, France) and a pH-meter (EcoScan®, Eutech Instrument, Fontenay, France), respectively. In addition, physical appearance was investigated by visual inspection performed in a transparent glass vial, in order to check the initial color and opalescent aspect of the suspension.
7
Cellular Osmotic Potential Determination
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Leaf segments of 45 day old treated and untreated plants were collected and incubated overnight at −20°C. The next day, plant samples were thawed and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The cell sap extract was used to determine the cellular osmotic potential of the sample using a vapor pressure osmometer (VAPRO, Wescor Inc., USA).
8
TMEM16A Cl- Current Activation Protocols
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