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30 protocols using cadmium nitrate

1

Extraction and Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides

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Ulvan (Ul), extracted from Ulva lactuca (molecular weight around 300 KDa) was kindly provided by Stemmaters, Portugal. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) sodium salt, extracted from bovine cartilage was provided by Carbosynth, UK. CS extracted from cat shark (Scyliorhinus canicula), CS extracted from blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) and CS extracted from rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa) at the Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC) [37 (link),38 (link),39 (link)] were also tested. Fucoidan (Fu) extracted from Fucus vesiculosus (92.7%) was provided by Marinova, Australia. Chitosan (CH) (low-molecular weight), glutaraldehyde (70% in water), acetic acid (≥99.7%) and sodium acetate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Metal cation salts such as lead nitrate, cadmium nitrate, copper sulphate, sodium fluoride and ferrous sulphate were supplied by Merck, Germany. Hydrochloric acid (≥37%), anhydrous glycerol (≥99.5%) and aluminum sulphate hexadecahydrate were purchased from Fluka, Switzerland, while eriochrome cyanine R was purchased from Riedel-de Haen, Germany. Nitric acid (65%) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were purchased from PanReac, Spain. Tetraethylorthosilicate (≥98%) was purchased from Acros Organics, Germany, and absolute ethanol was from Fischer Scientific, UK. Water used was of Milli-Q purity, Millipore, Massachusetts, EUA.
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2

Polystyrene Synthesis and Adsorption

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Styrene (C8H8) as the building block of polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl pyrrolidone k-30 (PVP) as a stabilizing agent and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as a radical initiator were purchased from Merck and were used without any further purification or processing. Zinc acetate as a source of zinc and reduced glutathione (C10H17N3O6S) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. In addition, lead nitrate, cadmium nitrate and mercuric chloride, all purchased from Merck, were used to carry out the adsorption studies. Ammonium hydroxide was used for precipitation of zinc ions while ethanol and water were used as the reaction medium.
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3

Heavy Metal Immobilization in Geopolymer

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Low-calcium class F dry
fly ash and locally available sand (specific gravity, 2.52; water
absorption, 0.50%; and fineness modulus, 2.38) were employed as the
key ingredients for this study. Analytical-grade sodium hydroxide
was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Commercial sodium silicate (specific
gravity, 1.53 g/cc) was obtained from SRL Co. Ltd., India. Analytical-grade
heavy-metal compounds (lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), MW = 331.21 g; cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2), MW = 236.42 g; chromium(III) nitrate (Cr(NO3)3), MW = 238.01 g; copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2),
MW = 187.56 g) were acquired from Merck, Germany.
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4

Trace Metal Analysis using Voltammetry

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The chemicals used in the present work were of analytical reagent grade and used as received, unless stated otherwise. All solutions were prepared with ultra-pure water (18.3 MΩ cm, Milli-Q systems, Millipore-waters). The nitric acid 65% (suprapur) and the standard stock solutions of mercury nitrate (1,001 ± 2 mg L−1), cadmium nitrate (999 ± 2 mg L−1), lead nitrate (999 ± 2 mg L−1), and zinc nitrate (1,000 ± 2 mg L−1) were purchased from Merck. Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) solutions were prepared from dilution of the certified standard. Ludox® TM40 [40% (w/w) suspension in water] and LS30 [30% (w/w) suspension in water] colloidal silica (SiO2) were purchased from Aldrich. Sodium nitrate electrolyte solution (10, 30, and 100 mM), MES [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] buffer (200 mM), and MOPS [3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid] buffer (200 mM) were prepared from solids (Merck, suprapur and Merck >99%, respectively). The pH adjustments were performed using nitric acid (Merck, suprapur) and sodium hydroxide (100 mM standard, Merck) solutions.
Potassium thiocyanate, hydrochloric acid, and potassium chloride, all p.a. from Merck, were used to prepare the solution for the re-dissolution of the mercury film. Solutions of ammonium acetate [NH4CH3COO (1,000 mM)/CH3COOH (1,000 mM)] (Merck) were prepared monthly and used without further purification.
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5

Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles

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All reagents were purchased from Merck chemical company and used without further purification: cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 97%), thiourea (CH4N2S, 98.5%), ethylenediamine (C2H8N2, 100%), potassium hexacyanoferrate(iii) (K3[Fe(CN)6]·5H2O, 99%), lanthanum(iii) nitrate hexahydrate (La(NO3)3·6H2O, 98%), methylene blue (MB, C16H18ClN3S, 98%), rhodamine B (RhB, C28H31ClN2O3, 98%), methyl orang (C14H14N3NaO3S, MO, 98%). All other reagents used in this study were analytically pure and used without further purification.
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6

Synthesis of Photocatalytic Titanium Oxide

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Acetic acid (CH3CO2H, 99.7%) Merck, cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2.4H2O>99.9%), titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.8%), 2‐propanol ((CH3)2CHOH, 99.5%), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 95–97% by weight), nitric acid (HNO3, 65%), graphite powders (<45 µm, 99.99%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99%), sodium nitrate (nano3, 99%), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. For the photocatalytic experiment, Acid Blue 161 (C20H13N2O5SNaCrx 100%) Sigma‐Aldrich, Orange G (C16H10N2Na2O7S2 100%) Fluka and Brillant Green (C27H34N2O4S 100%) were purchased from Acros Organics.
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7

Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Wastewater

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All chemicals, lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2), Cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2), Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nitric acid (HNO3), Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were provided by Merck company (Germany) and used without any further purification.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-based Nanocomposites

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All the selected metal salts and chemical reagents used in the present study were of analytical grade and used directly. Lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2], cupric nitrate [Cu(NO3)2], barium nitrate [Ba(NO3)2], mercuric bromide (HgBr2), aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3], bismuth nitrate [Bi(NO3)3·5H2O], cobalt nitrate [Co(NO3)2], strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2], nickel nitrate [Ni(NO3)2·6H2O], cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2·H2O], GNS, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB), deuterium oxide (D2O) and BPA were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India, and the graphene samples were obtained from Tata Steel Limited.
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9

Synthesis of Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes

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Tetraethylorthosilicate
(TEOS), 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone
(TTA), d-(+)-glucose, sodium sulfate, pyridine, ammonium
hydroxide, lead nitrate, and cadmium nitrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. l-(+)-Tartaric acid and sodium hydroxide were purchased from
Alfa-Aesar, England. Lauroyl chloride was purchased from TCI, Japan.
Europium chloride hexahydrate and samarium chloride hexahydrate were
purchased from Strem Chemicals Inc. Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UO2(NO3)2·6H2O) was purchased
from Inorganic Ventures, Inc. Ethanol was purchased from J. T. Baker.
Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl)
were purchased from Bio Lab Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10

Synthesis of Metal-Doped Polymer Nanocomposites

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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Mw 10 kDa), cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 99%), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2, 99%), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, 99%), potassium dichromate (K2CrO7, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FeCl3·6H2O (>98%) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25–30%) were purchased from BDH and FeCl2·4H2O (98%) from Alfa Aesar. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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