An advanced PET-CT scanner (Discovery IQ, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) was used to obtain 18F-FDG PET-CT scans. After fasting for >6 h, all patients received an intravenous injection of 370 MBq ±10% (10 mCi) of 18F-FDG after initial preparation and then waited 60 min post-injection. After this initial preparation, patients were subjected to their PET examination, having an energy window of range of 400–600 keV. A 3D emission scanning was then performed for 3 min for each bed position by keeping the respective axial and trans-axial field of views at 22.2 cm and 60.7 cm. We acquired CT-derived attenuation-corrected images without using any contrast medium. As per previously reported methods [27 (link),28 (link)] these images were reconstructed using integrated iterative method followed by conducting a system matrix derived from point source measurements. For semi-quantitative analysis of 18F-FDG uptake, both the SUVs (SUV↑ and ) were assessed. For this purpose, calculations from attenuation-corrected images, the amount of injected 18F-FDG, the body weight of each patient, and the cross-calibration factors for 18F-FDG PET were conducted.
Discovery iq
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The Discovery IQ is a nuclear medicine imaging system developed by GE Healthcare. It is designed to capture high-quality images of the body's internal structures and functions. The system utilizes advanced imaging technologies to provide healthcare professionals with the necessary data for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
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Lab products found in correlation
Discovery st, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Gemini tf 16, by Philips (3 mentions)
Discovery mi, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Gemini gxl, by Philips (2 mentions)
Discovery ste, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Signa pet mr, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Signa voyager 70cm, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Gadovist, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Cti reveal, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph 6 pet ct, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Discovery 610, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Q clear, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Gemini tf, by Philips (1 mentions)
Biograph mct, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Gemini tf pet ct, by Philips (1 mentions)
Aw server 4, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Biograph tp16, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Biograph mct 20 flow, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Gemini tf64, by Philips (1 mentions)
Biograph 6, by Siemens (1 mentions)
22 protocols using discovery iq
1
Advanced PET-CT Imaging for FDG Uptake Analysis
2
Comparative Performance Evaluation of PET/CT Systems
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The NEMA NU 2-2012 parameters measured for the 4-ring DMI system (AFOV = 20 cm) were compared with results obtained at Stanford and Uppsala Universities [2 (link)] and Tokyo [3 (link)] for the same system and with results from Brugge [4 (link)] obtained for the system in its 3-ring configuration (AFOV = 15 cm). For the DMI-DR system, results were compared with those obtained at Southampton-Poole-Plymouth [5 (link)].
In a second step, a comparison was made between results obtained in our study and those published for other commercially available systems from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (Biograph mCT Flow [17 (link), 18 ], Biograph mMR PET/MR [18 , 19 (link)] and digital Biograph Vision [20 (link)]), Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Ingenuity TF [21 (link)] and Vereos [22 , 23 ]) and GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA (Discovery IQ [24 (link), 25 ] and SiPM-based Signa PET/MR [26 (link)]).
In a second step, a comparison was made between results obtained in our study and those published for other commercially available systems from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (Biograph mCT Flow [17 (link), 18 ], Biograph mMR PET/MR [18 , 19 (link)] and digital Biograph Vision [20 (link)]), Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Ingenuity TF [21 (link)] and Vereos [22 , 23 ]) and GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA (Discovery IQ [24 (link), 25 ] and SiPM-based Signa PET/MR [26 (link)]).
3
Comparative Evaluation of PET/CT Scanners
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Two different PET/CT scanners were used, the Discovery-IQ (DIQ) and the Discovery-MI (DMI) (General Electric Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), both with a 5-ring configuration leading to an equivalent axial field of view (FOV). The technical specifications of the devices are detailed in Table 1 . Considering the size and composition of the crystals in each system, we expect to observe differences in terms of detection limits and semi-quantification. The size of the crystals is a very important design parameter, as it has a direct impact on the spatial resolution of the PET systems. The DMI has detection crystals with thinner dimensions. In addition, the crystal used in the manufacture of the DMI is lutetium–yttrium-oxyorthosilicate (LYSO). Due to the properties of LYSO, it enables additional data correction using time of flight (TOF) information, resulting in an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in the resulting PET images. These two factors suggest that the DMI should have the capability to detect more targets than the DIQ.
Technical characteristics of DIQ and DMI PET/CT systems
| DIQ | DMI | |
|---|---|---|
| Scintillator crystals | BGO | LYSO |
| Crystal size (mm3) | 6.3 × 6.3 × 30 | 3.95 × 5.3 × 25 |
| Light amplification | Analogic (PMT) | Digital (SiPM) |
| Time-of-flight (TOF) | No | Yes |
| Configuration (number of ring) | 5-rings | 5-rings |
| Axial/transverse field of view (FOV) (mm) | 250/700 | 250/700 |
4
Multimodal Cardiac Imaging for Myocarditis
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To evaluate for myocarditis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was done using clinical 3-T scanners (SIGNA™ Voyager - 70cm - GE Healthcare, USA). Conventional sequences were used for the acquisition of cardiac function, volumes, mass, and scar imaging. Myocardial T1 and T2 mapping were acquired in a single midventricular short-axis slice, while for T2 mapping, a validated sequence for measurement of myocardial edema was used. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging was completed approximately 10 minutes after administration of 0.1 mmol/kg of body weight of gadobutrol (Gadovist; Bayer).
To assess for possible myocardial involvement, following a period of prolonged fasting (>10 hours), the patients received 10–12 millicuries of 18F-FDG intravenously. 18F-FDG PET imaging with GE Discovery IQ was started after an uptake period of 90 minutes during which patients were asked to rest quietly (not to talk or engage in physical activity). The heart position was localized with a scout image (computerized tomography or radionuclide). Transmission scan (computerized tomography or radionuclide) was obtained for the measurement and correction of soft tissue attenuation followed by a non-gated cardiac 18F-FDG image acquisition (3-D mode). The cardiac emission images were reconstructed with and without attenuation correction.
To assess for possible myocardial involvement, following a period of prolonged fasting (>10 hours), the patients received 10–12 millicuries of 18F-FDG intravenously. 18F-FDG PET imaging with GE Discovery IQ was started after an uptake period of 90 minutes during which patients were asked to rest quietly (not to talk or engage in physical activity). The heart position was localized with a scout image (computerized tomography or radionuclide). Transmission scan (computerized tomography or radionuclide) was obtained for the measurement and correction of soft tissue attenuation followed by a non-gated cardiac 18F-FDG image acquisition (3-D mode). The cardiac emission images were reconstructed with and without attenuation correction.
5
FDG PET/CT Protocol for Fasting Patients
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Data were acquired after 6 h of fasting prior to scan; body weight, height, and glucose levels were measured. After the intravenous injection of FDG (350‐370 MBq), patients took a rest for 45 min. During the acquisition, patients lied down supine in the PET/CT scanner, with their arms up and eyes closed. The head was placed naturally so that the patient was comfortable, and motion could be minimized during the acquisition. Low‐dose CT was acquired with Discovery IQ hybrid PET/CT scanner36 (GE Healthcare) with the following parameters: 140 kVp; pitch, 0.94; collimation, 20 × 1.25 mm; reconstructed slice thickness, 3.75 mm; and increment, 3.26 mm. Emission data were corrected for randoms, dead time, scatter, and attenuation.
6
FDG PET/CT Tumor Imaging Protocol
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Following the procedure standard for tumor imaging with FDG PET/CT of the Society of Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), patients fasted for at least 6 hours prior to the scan. The serum glucose level was checked before the FDG dose injection with the cutoff 200 mg/dL. Intravenous administration of 12–18 mCi (444–666Mbq) of 18F-FDG was performed in a quiet, warm, dimly lit room; however patients were not blindfolded. After approximately 60 minutes of uptake, a whole-body PET/CT scan was performed. Images from 2010 to 2015 were acquired on either a CTI-Reveal or a Biograph 6 PET/CT system (Siemens Medical Systems), both with full ring LSO crystal configurations (3 min/bed). PET images were generated by three-dimensional (3D) iterative reconstruction on a 168 × 168 matrix, with a zoom of 1.0, FWHM filter of either 5.0 or 6.0 mm, and two iterations with eight subsets. Images from 2015 to 2019 were acquired on Discovery IQ (GE Medical System) with 5-ring BGO-based detector blocks and 16-slice CT (2 min/bed). Images were reconstructed using two principle algorithms, VUE-point HD with point-spread-function modeling (VPHDS) and Q.Clear (QCHD) on a 192 x 192 matrix. CT data were used for anatomic localization and attenuation correction.
7
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for 18F-NaF Bone Scans
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All patients underwent PET/CT imaging 60minutes after
18F-NaF intravenous injection (2,2 MBq/kg). The PET/CT images were obtained using an integrated PET/CT scanner (Discovery IQ; GE-Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States). After a low-dose CT acquisition (120kV, 30 mAs, slice thickness 4mm) for attenuation correction, whole-body three-dimensional PET scan was acquired at 2minute/bed position. This was immediately followed by a noncontrast-enhanced diagnostic CT scan (16-slice helical, 100–140kV, 80–200 mAs, 2,5mm slice thickness).
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All patients underwent PET/CT imaging 60minutes after
18F-NaF intravenous injection (2,2 MBq/kg). The PET/CT images were obtained using an integrated PET/CT scanner (Discovery IQ; GE-Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States). After a low-dose CT acquisition (120kV, 30 mAs, slice thickness 4mm) for attenuation correction, whole-body three-dimensional PET scan was acquired at 2minute/bed position. This was immediately followed by a noncontrast-enhanced diagnostic CT scan (16-slice helical, 100–140kV, 80–200 mAs, 2,5mm slice thickness).
8
Standardized 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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18F-FDG PET/CT scan was performed using the Discovery ST or Discovery IQ (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) PET/CT scanner. All patients fasted for at least 6 h before the 18F-FDG injection, and each patient’s blood glucose concentration was confirmed to be <150 mg/dL. All patients with diabetes were asked to discontinue the anti-hyperglycemic drugs 12 h before the scan. Patients were administered 7.0 (Discovery ST) and 4.0 MBq/kg (Discovery IQ) of 18F-FDG intravenously, according to the PET/CT system. After 1 h of 18F-FDG uptake, an initial low-dose non-contrast CT scan was obtained for attenuation correction and localization. Immediately after the CT scan, standard PET images were acquired from the base of the skull or top of the brain to the proximal thigh. Both Discovery ST and Discovery IQ PET/CT scanners acquired images with a slice thickness of 3.75 mm for CT and 3.26 mm for PET. The transaxial field-of-view of the Discovery ST and Discovery IQ PET/CT scanners were 600 and 500 mm, and the matrix size was 128 × 128 and 256 × 256, respectively. The PET images were reconstructed using the ordered subset expectation–maximization iterative algorithm with 20 subsets and two iterations or Q Clear.
9
18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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All patients underwent PET/CT imaging after fasting for at least 6 hours and with capillary glycemia lower than 11 mmol/L. The acquisition was made 60 minutes after
18F-FDG intravenous injection (3 MBq/kg). The PET/CT images were obtained using an integrated PET/CT scanner (Discovery IQ; GE-Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States). After a low-dose CT acquisition (120 kV, 30 mAs, slice thickness 4 mm) for attenuation correction, three-dimensional PET scan from midthigh to vertex was acquired at 2 minute/bed position. This was immediately followed by a noncontrast-enhanced diagnostic CT scan (16-slice helical, 100–140 kV, 80–200 mAs, 2.5 mm slice thickness). The fused
18F-FDG PET/CT images were displayed in axial, sagittal, and coronal slices.
18F-FDG intravenous injection (3 MBq/kg). The PET/CT images were obtained using an integrated PET/CT scanner (Discovery IQ; GE-Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States). After a low-dose CT acquisition (120 kV, 30 mAs, slice thickness 4 mm) for attenuation correction, three-dimensional PET scan from midthigh to vertex was acquired at 2 minute/bed position. This was immediately followed by a noncontrast-enhanced diagnostic CT scan (16-slice helical, 100–140 kV, 80–200 mAs, 2.5 mm slice thickness). The fused
18F-FDG PET/CT images were displayed in axial, sagittal, and coronal slices.
10
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for [18F]FDG
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All included patients underwent a [18F]FDG PET/CT scan in a dedicated tomograph: -Philips Gemini Dual-slice EXP (Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA) at AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza;-Discovery 610 and Discovery IQ (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) at Affidea-IRMET.
Patients were instructed to fast for at least 6 h before the scan, and blood glucose levels were measured before the injection of [18F]FDG. Patients were excluded if their blood glucose levels at the time of the scans exceeded 150 mg/dL (median (IQR) = 5.1 (4.7|6.9) mmol/L). The intravenous injected tracer activity was of 2.5–3 MBq/kg of 18F]FDG (median (IQR) = 230.0 (210.0|269.0) MBq), according to EAMN procedure guidelines [29 (link)].
After an uptake time of 60 min (median (IQR) = 73.0 (57.0|112.0) min) and following native low-dose CT acquisition both for attenuation correction and anatomical correlation (from the vertex of the skull to the feet), PET data were acquired, covering the identical anatomical region of the CT. The PET scans were reconstructed with ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithms. The tomographs results were validated for a proper quantification and quality of the images recorded.
Patients were instructed to fast for at least 6 h before the scan, and blood glucose levels were measured before the injection of [18F]FDG. Patients were excluded if their blood glucose levels at the time of the scans exceeded 150 mg/dL (median (IQR) = 5.1 (4.7|6.9) mmol/L). The intravenous injected tracer activity was of 2.5–3 MBq/kg of 18F]FDG (median (IQR) = 230.0 (210.0|269.0) MBq), according to EAMN procedure guidelines [29 (link)].
After an uptake time of 60 min (median (IQR) = 73.0 (57.0|112.0) min) and following native low-dose CT acquisition both for attenuation correction and anatomical correlation (from the vertex of the skull to the feet), PET data were acquired, covering the identical anatomical region of the CT. The PET scans were reconstructed with ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithms. The tomographs results were validated for a proper quantification and quality of the images recorded.
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