Adenosine

MS-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Germany). MS-grade formic acid was bought from Thermo Fisher Technology Co., Ltd. (United States). Mullein isoflavone glucoside, naringin, hesperidin, ononin, epimedoside A, icariin, nobiletin, and tangeretin (purities > 98%) were all purchased from Sichuan Vicky Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Betaine, adenosine, magnoflorine, peimine, peiminine, vanillin, hesperetin, wogonin, honokiol, magnolol, and linoleic acid (purities > 98%) were all acquired from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was offered by Shanghai Sulaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and nitric oxide (NO) testing kits were purchased from Shanghai Langton Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

RAS was collected from Min Country of Gansu Province, China, in November 2020. All of the plant materials were authenticated as A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels by Professor Zhigang Yang. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed to identify the RAS (Liu et al., 2018 ). The PCR results are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Voucher specimens (No. DG202009001) were stored at the School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University. The weights per RAS for specimens falling into the first to fourth grades were more than 60.0 g, 25.0–60.0 g, 15.0–25.0 g, and 10.0–15.0 g, respectively.
Ferulic acid, ligustilide, senkyunolide I, chlorogenic acid, levistolide A, uridine, adenosine, guanine, and L-tryptophan were purchased from Chengdu Pufeide Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China) as reference compounds. Acetonitrile and Methanol were purchased from CNW Technologies GmbH. Formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Double-distilled water (ddH₂O) was obtained using a laboratory water purifier. APH, CTX, and ATPase were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) were purchased from Shandong Tailixin Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Finally, aspirin was provided by the CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.