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34 protocols using cs0720

1

Tissue Mitochondrial Content Measurement

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CS activity was used as a surrogate marker of tissue mitochondrial content (heart and brain) and for normalization of respirometry data (brain). In heart, CS activity was measured in tissue homogenates prepared in PBS (10 mg/mL). In the brain, the saved respirometry samples were used for assessment of CS activity. A commercially available kit was used as previously described (CS0720; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) [8 ].
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2

Mitochondrial Function Assessment in Brain

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Mitochondrial function was assessed ex vivo in homogenates of the right frontal cortex. Brain homogenates (1 mg/mL) were prepared fresh as previously described and a respirometric Substrate–Uncoupler–Inhibitor Titration (SUIT) protocol was applied for in-depth characterization of the OXPHOS system and electron transport systems (ETS)30 (link). Chemical reagents and concentrations used in the SUIT protocol are provided in Supplementary Table S1. In brief, specific mitochondrially targeted CI-, CII- and CIV-linked substrates were used to assess functionality of the ETS system, the OXPHOS system, and to evaluate the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane. For more details on the SUIT protocol see Jang, et al.31 (link) After completion of the respirometry protocol, the chamber contents were stored at − 80 °C and citrate synthase (CS) activity was measured to correct for any difference in mitochondrial content between samples. CS activity was measured using a commercially available kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (CS0720; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).
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3

Comprehensive Serum and Hepatic Biomarker Analysis

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Serum measurements were carried out as follows: ferritin (Abcam Mouse Ferritin ELISA #ab157713, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA); insulin (CrystalChem Ultrasensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA #90080, Elk Grove Village, IL, USA); leptin (Quantikine Mouse/Rat Leptin ELISA #MOB00, Minneapolis, MN, USA); adiponectin (Abcam Mouse ELISA #ab108785, Cambridge, MA, USA); and a lipid panel with transaminases (Piccolo® Lipid Panel Plus, Greisham, Germany). Hepatic measurements with colorimetric kits include the following: triglyceride (Cayman Chemical #10010303, Ann Arbor, MI, USA); protein carbonyl content (Abcam #ab126287, Cambridge, MA, USA); and citrate synthase activity (Cayman Chemical #701040, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). For citrate synthase activity measurement in human biopsy livers (Sigma Aldrich #CS0720, Poole, UK), an activity assay kit was used.
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4

Citrate Synthase Quantification in Heart Tissue

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Frozen LV tissue from NF and HF patients were homogenized for 10 minutes at 4 °C into the Lysis buffer (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 137 mmol/L NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mmol/L EDTA, and protease inhibitor) in a 1:5 ratio of tissue mass to lysis buffer. The extract was then centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 minutes at 4 °C. The supernate was transferred to a clean tube, and protein concentration was measured by means of the bicinchoninic acid method. Protein was diluted to 4 μg/μL with molecular grade water. Citrate synthase quantification was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Sigma-Aldrich #CS0720). The absorbance at 412 nm was obtained with the use of a SpectraMax M5 plate reader.
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5

Spectrophotometric Assay of ETC Enzymes

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The specific activities of electron transport chain enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Briefly, myoblasts or isolated mitochondria were freeze-thawed two to three times to disrupt the outer mitochondrial membrane and allow access of substrates to enzymes. The specific activity of each complex was measured at 37°C using reagents and substrates specified previously (50 (link)). For experiments involving C2C12 cells, activities of complexes I and V were measured in isolated mitochondria, whereas activities of other complexes were measured in whole cells. Citrate synthase activity was measured on a 96-well plate using a commercially available kit (CS0720, Sigma-Aldrich).
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6

Quantifying Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

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Citrate Synthase (CS) activity is reportedly a more accurate marker of mitochondrial mass than total protein content when performing comparisons across age (Figueiredo et al., 2008 (link)). CS activity assay was performed on mitochondrial isolations and used to normalize mitochondrial respiration. CS Activity was measured by spectrometric quantitation (412 nm) of 5,5’dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid conversion to 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid in the presence of Coenzyme A thiol generated during citrate production (CS0720, Sigma) as previously described (Crouch et al., 2017 (link)).
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7

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Enzyme Assays

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Citrate synthase activity was determined (Sigma-Aldrich CS0720) in isolated mitochondria using spectrophotometry. Inhibitor sensitive respiratory chain complex activities were measured in 1-mL volume spectrophotometrically in the presence of 400 μM propofol or equal volume 10% intralipid or in non-exposed mitochondria and normalized to citrate synthase activity.23 (link),24 (link) Rotenone-sensitive Complex I specific activity was measured in mitochondria (40 μg) with 4.8 mM−1 cm−1 as the extinction coefficient of NADH at 340 nm using reference wavelength of 380 nm. 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone-sensitive Complex II activity was determined in mitochondria (40 μg) using 19.1 mM−1 cm−1 as the extinction coefficient of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol at 600 nm. For Complexes III and IV, inhibitor-sensitive first-order rate constants were calculated in mitochondria (4 μg and 2 μg, respectively) using 18.5 mM−1 cm−1 as the extinction coefficient of cytochrome c at 550 nm. Oligomycin-sensitive Complex V specific activity was measured in mitochondria (40 μg) with 6.2 mM−1 cm−1 as the extinction coefficient of NADH at 340 nm. Rotenone-sensitive Complex I+III linked activity and antimycin A-sensitive Complex II+III linked activity were determined separately in mitochondria (40 μg) with 18.5 mM−1 cm−1 as the extinction coefficient of cytochrome c at 550 nm.
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8

Citrate Synthase Activity Assay in Kidney Tissue

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Citrate synthase activity was determined in homogenates prepared from kidney tissue using a citrate synthase assay kit (CS0720; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) [23 ]. Total muscle protein was determined in triplicate by the method of Bradford [24 (link)] and the protein concentration of all samples was equalized. Citrate synthase activity was determined based on the formation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid at a wavelength of 412 nm at 25°C on a microplate absorbance reader (iMark; BIO RAD, Hercules, CA). In each well, 8 μl of sample was added to a reaction medium containing 178 μl of assay buffer, 2 μl of 30 mmol/L acetyl coenzyme A, and 10 mmol/L 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. The baseline solution absorbance was recorded, reactions were initiated by the addition of 10 μl of oxaloacetic acid, and the change in absorbance measured every 15 seconds for 2 minutes.
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9

Citrate Synthase Activity in Muscle

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Citrate synthase enzyme activity was investigated in muscle biopsies pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after 8 weeks of deconditioning. In short, skeletal muscle tissue (~200 mg) was sectioned on a cryostat (Microm HM550, Thermo Fisher, by, stat) at −20 °C and homogenized in ice-cold CelLytic MT (Mammalian tissue lysis/extraction reagent) containing protease inhibitor cocktail. The tissue was homogenized using a Bullet Blender bead-mill at 4 °C (Next Advance, Averill, NY, USA). The homogenate was directly centrifuged at 15,000× g for 5 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was transferred to new Eppendorf tubes and used for subsequent analysis. The assay was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions (#CS0720, Sigma-Aldrich). Briefly, the assay solutions were heated at 25 °C. A master mix consisting of 1× assay buffer, 30 mM Acetyl-CoA solution, and 10 mM DTNB solution were mixed and added in the lysate to perform triple measurements per sample. Citrate synthase was measured by reading absorbance at 412 nm every 10th second for 1.5 min, and thereafter adding 10 mM OAA solution and then remeasured again every 10 s for 1.5 min at 412 nm.
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10

Mitochondria Enrichment in Bone Marrow Cells

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Example 6

Mouse bone-marrow cells (106) were untreated or incubated for 24 hours with GFP-labeled mitochondria isolated from mouse melanoma cells (17U or 34U, indicating the level of citrate synthase activity as a marker for mitochondria content). The cells were mixed with mitochondria, centrifuged at 8000 g and re-suspended. After 24 hour incubation, the cells were washed twice with PBS and the level of citrate synthase (CS) activity (FIG. 6A) and cytochrome c reductase activity (FIG. 6B) were measured using the CS0720 and CY0100 kits (Sigma), respectively.

The results demonstrated in FIG. 6 clearly indicate that the compositions of functional mitochondria used in the experiments above enrich bone-marrow cells with mitochondria, but not with ER.

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