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Vacuum evaporator

Manufactured by Edwards Lifesciences
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States

A vacuum evaporator is a laboratory equipment used to concentrate liquid samples by removing solvents under reduced pressure. It operates by creating a vacuum environment, which lowers the boiling point of the solvent, allowing it to evaporate at a lower temperature compared to atmospheric conditions.

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5 protocols using vacuum evaporator

1

Morphological Characterization of Pharmaceutical Particles

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Shape and surface morphology of APIs and MPs were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Samples were fixed on the sample holder with double-sided adhesive tape, sputter coated with Au/Pd under argon atmosphere performed using a vacuum evaporator (Edwards, Crawley UK) and examined by means of a scanning electron microscope SEM (Philips XL 30) operating at 20.0 kV accelerating voltage. The MPs size distribution was evaluated by sieve analysis, using a vibrating shaker (Octagon Digital, Endecotts, London, UK) and standard sieves (Scientific Instruments, Milan, Italy) of 75, 150, 250, 355, and 500 μm.
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2

Bacterial Morphology Analysis by SEM

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For the purpose of evaluating the SEM investigation, the bacteria were incubated overnight (18 h) in TSB at 37 °C. An overnight bacterial inoculum was prepared after 1:100 dilution in TSB. The diluted inoculum was then resuspended and placed in a 12-well plate, with 2 mL of the inoculum added to each well in the presence of sterile ceramic tablets. Duplicate samples were prepared for each variant. The plate was incubated at 37 °C in a static condition for 24 h. After this interval, the laser-treated tablets were washed and fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M Na cacodylate buffer at 4 °C for 2 h. The tablets were then washed again in cacodylate buffer and post-fixed for 1 h using a solution of 1% OsO4 at 4 °C. After washing twice with cacodylate buffer, a dehydration procedure was performed in a graded ethanol series (30, 50, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) through 15 min time intervals. Finally, the dehydrated tablets were installed on scanning electron microscopy holders and sputter-coated with a layer of gold using a vacuum evaporator (Edwards, Stansted, UK). The observations of the bacterial morphology were made on Lyra I XMU Scanning electron microscope (Tescan, Czech Republic) with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
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3

Bacterial Cell Surface Morphology and Biofilm Formation under Plant Extract Treatment

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Morphological alterations of bacterial cell surface and biofilm formation in the presence of plant extracts were investigated using SEM. C. violaceum biofilms were incubated on sterile plastic pieces and treated as described above. After the treatment, samples were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. After that, they were washed again in cacodylate buffer and post-fixed for 1 h using a solution of 1% OsO4 again at 4 °C. A dehydration procedure was performed in a graded ethanol series through 15 min time intervals. Finally, the samples (with duplicates per variant) were mounted on scanning electron microscopy holders and sputtered with gold using a vacuum evaporator (Edwards, Irvine, CA, USA). Observations were made on a Lyra/Tescan scanning electron microscope (TESCAN GROUP a.s., Brno, Czech Republic) with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
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4

Electrospun Fibers Characterization by SEM

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The size and shape of the electrospun fibers were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) JSM-5510 (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a digital camera, at 15 kV accelerating voltage. Fibers were examined in different positions to estimate the electrospun fibers diameters15 (link). A segment of the fibers was positioned on the sample holder, then sputter-coated with platinum palladium (Au/Pd) using a vacuum evaporator (Edwards)15 (link),16 (link).
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5

Spore and Crystal Morphology of B. thuringiensis

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Spores and crystals of B. thuringiensis PL1, PL3, PL20, and BTG were observed by scanning electron microscopy after 72 h of incubation in a spore-forming medium containing (NH4)2SO4, 1 g/L; K2HPO4, 4.15 g/L; KH2PO4, 3.4 g/L; Salt solution, 3 ml/L with content as previously described [87 (link)]; sucrose, 10 g/L, and soybean meal, 60 g/L. Bacterial biomass was harvested by centrifugation and washed with cacodylate buffer pH (7.2). Pelleted cells were fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde for 2 h, followed by post-fixation with 1% OsO4 for 1 h at 4 °C. After washing three times, dehydration follows in graded ethanol series through 15 min time intervals. The final stage was mounting on scanning electron microscopy holders and sputtering with gold in a vacuum evaporator (Edwards, CA, USA). The observations were made on Lyra/Tescan scanning electron microscope (Riga, Latvia).
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