Antibiotics for cell culture

CpG ODN2395, TLR9 inhibitors ODN2088, and CQ were purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Recombinant TNF-α was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). All MAPK inhibitors were purchased from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). MAPK antibodies against ERK, phospho-ERK (p-ERK), p38, phospho-p38 (p-p38), JNK, and phospho-JNK (p-JNK) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), RPMI-1640, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics for cell culture were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Media, sera, antibiotics for cell culture and the Lipofectamine reagent were all from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). Ceramide D-erythro-Sphingosine, N-Acetyl- (C₂ Ceramide), pY and IRS1 antibodies were from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Cycloheximide (CHX), palmitate and Biotin Reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Prep1, PGC-1α, pAkt, Akt and actin antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). IR antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). p160 antibody was purchased from Zymed Laboratories (San Francisco, CA, USA). Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) was from Abcam In. (Cambridge, MA). Protein electrophoresis and real-time PCR reagents were from Bio-Rad (Richmond, VA, USA). Western blotting and ECL reagents were purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Reagents for peptide synthesis including Fmoc-protected amino acids and resins, activation and deprotection reagents, were purchased from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (Laufelfingen, Switzerland) and Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Solvents for peptide synthesis and HPLC analyses were purchased from Delchimica (Naples, Italy); C18 Biobasic columns for peptide analysis and the LC-MS system were from ThermoFisher (Milan, Italy).