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4 protocols using lipin1

1

Lipid Metabolism Regulation in NF2 Cells

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pBabe-NF2 was obtained from Addgene. Anti-Fasn siRNA (M-040091-01-0005), anti-Acaca siRNA (M-063938-01-0005), anti-Mtor (M-065427-00-0005), anti-Rptor (M-058754-01-0005), anti-Rictor (M-064598-01-0005) and non-silencing (D-001206-13-05) siRNA were purchased from Dharmacon. Individual siRNAs against Mtor (SASI_Mm01-00164496 and -00164492), Rictor (-00137732 and -00137730), Rptor (-00055298 and -00334580), Fasn (-00177858 and -00177854), Acaca (-0011590 and -00115905), and Mlycd (-00028572 and -00028576) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anti-Merlin antibodies were purchased from Abcam (#ab88957). Lipid synthesis and metabolism antibody kit (includes anti-Fasn, -phospho ACC, -ACC, -Lipin1, -ACLY, -phospho ACLY, -ACSL1, and -ACECS1 antibodies), and anti-Casp3 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Anti-SREBP1 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anti-GAPDH antibodies were purchased from EMD-Millipore.
Cerulenin, C75, luteolin, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) and 5-iodotubercidin were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences. GSK2194069, dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO), staurosporin, sodium palmitate, 70% perchloric acid, ammonium formate, acetonitrile, acetyl-coenzyme A lithium salt, malonyl coenzyme A lithium salt, propionyl-coenzyme A lithium salt, and poly-L-lysine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Metabolic Proteins

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Tissue extracts were prepared with RIPA lysis buffer (25mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 150mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) supplemented with a PhosStop phosphatase inhibitor and cOmpleteTM protease inhibitor mixture (Roche). Protein extracts were resolved by SDS PAGE. Blots were incubated overnight at 4°C with antibodies against the following proteins (source, catalog number, and dilution of the antibody are given in parentheses): IDE (Origene, TA327113, 1:1000), LIPIN1 (Cell Signaling, #14906, 1:1000), IRE1α (Cell Signaling, #3294, 1:1000) , phospho-IRE1α Ser724 (Novus Biologicals, NB100-2323, 1:1000 ), AKT (Cell Signaling, #4691, 1:2000), phosphor-AKT Ser473 (Cell Signaling, #4060, 1:1000), GSK3β (Cell Signaling, #12456, 1:2000), phospho-GSK3β Ser9 (Cell Signaling, #5558, 1:1000), GAPDH (Santa Cruz, sc-32233, 1:2000). A polyclonal rabbit anti-human TM6SF2 antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 15 amino acids of human TM6SF2 CPPPSDPLALHKKQH (YenZym Antibodies, LLC, CA). After washing, membranes were incubated with an IRDye-conjugated IgG (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE) secondary antibody diluted 1:5000 for 1 h. The intensity of the protein bands was quantified using an image processing program (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE).
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3

AMPK Signaling Pathway Analysis

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The isolated cells were lysed using RIPA buffer, and the resultant protein concentrations were determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Pierce-Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Equal quantities of proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were blocked in TBS with 5% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween 20 and probed with the indicated primary antibodies. AMPK and phospho-AMPK antibodies, lipin-1, ATP citrate lyase (ATP-CL) and phospho-ATP-CL, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and phospho-ACC were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). After incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies, signal was visualized using Amersham ECL Prime Western blot detection reagent (GE Life Technologies, Boston, MA). Finally, densitometry and normalization were completed. Western blots are representative of at least three independent experiments.
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4

Adipogenesis Regulation by Farnesol

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Farnesol was purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Farnesol was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone (Dex), insulin, indomethacin, compound C (CC), and Oil-Red O powder were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, United States). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine (P/S/G), bovine serum (BS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, United States). Anti-CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), anti-UCP1, anti-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), and anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States). Antibodies for PPARγ, AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), pAMPKα, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), pACC, adiponectin, and lipin1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, United States).
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