Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), Opti-MEM I (Invitrogen), pEGFP-N1 DNA (Elim Biopharmaceuticals, Hayward, CA), pDsRed-Max-N139 (link) (Addgene DNA plasmid 21718, Cambridge, MA), and cell culture media components were used as received. Monomers used for synthesizing polymers (Scheme 1 ) were purchased as follows: 1,3-butanediol diacrylate (B3b; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (B4; Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA); 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate (B5; Monomer-Polymer and Dajac Laboratories, Trevose, PA); 3-amino-1-propanol (S3; Alfa Aesar); 4-amino-1-butanol (S4; Alfa Aesar); 5-amino-1-pentanol (S5; Alfa Aesar); 1,3-diaminopropane (E1; Sigma-Aldrich); 1,3-diaminopentane (E3; TCI America, Portland, OR); 2-methyl-1,5-diaminopentane (E4; TCI America); 1,11-diamino-3,6,9-trioxaundecane (E5; TCI America); 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanol (E6; Sigma-Aldrich); 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methylpiperazine (E7; Alfa Aesar); 1-(3-aminopropyl)pyrrolidine (E8; TCI America); and cystamine dihydrochloride (E10; Alfa Aesar). 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) was purchased from Sigma and used as a 750 nM solution in PBS. Other materials were reagent grade.
Cystamine dihydrochloride
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Germany, Belgium
Cystamine dihydrochloride is a chemical compound used in various research and laboratory applications. It serves as a reducing agent and is commonly utilized in biochemical and analytical procedures. The compound's core function is to facilitate redox reactions and provide a source of reactive sulfhydryl groups in experimental setups.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
1 3 diaminopropane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole dihydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Opti mem 1, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Lipofectamine 2000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
1 4 butanediol diacrylate b4, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
3 amino 1 propanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
4 amino 1 butanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
5 amino 1 pentanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
1 3 aminopropyl 4 methylpiperazine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Triphenylphosphine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dithiothreitol (dtt), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
ε caprolactone ε cl, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Stannous octoate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
2 2 dithiodiethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Uvi3003, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Bms189453, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bms453, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gw501516, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Gw4064, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
6 protocols using cystamine dihydrochloride
1
Polymer Synthesis and Transfection Reagents
2
Synthesis of Compounds 8 and 10
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3,3’-Dichloropivalic acid, triphenylphosphine, ethylamine, 4 M HCl/dioxane and dithiothreitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Europe (Taufkirchen, Germany). Cystamine dihydrochloride was purchased from Alfa-Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany), β-Alanine from Fluka (Taufkirchen, Germany) and amoxicillin sodium salt from GlaxoSmithKline (Madrid, Spain). Solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck (Madrid, Spain), and they were used as received without further purification unless stated. Compounds 8 and 10 were prepared according to a previously published synthetic procedure [20 (link),21 (link)].
3
Synthesis of Lysine-Based Biodegradable Polymers
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ε-Caprolactone (ε-CL, 99%; Alfa Asear, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and 2,2′-dithiodiethanol (98%; Alfa Aesar) were dried over CaH2 and vacuum distilled before use. L-Lysine diisocyanate (LDI, 99+%; Acros, Acros Organics, Belgium) and stannous octoate (96%; Alfa Aesar) were used as received. Poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-OH, 5 kDa; Alfa Aesar) was dried by azeotropic distillation from toluene. p-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (p-NPC, 97%; Alfa Aesar) and cystamine dihydrochloride (>98%; Alfa Aesar) were used as received. Toluene and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), purchased from Chinasun Specialty Products Co. Ltd, Changshu, China, were dried over CaH2 and vacuum distilled before use.
4
Molecular Regulation of Phagocytosis
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Transcriptional activation of RAR‐reporter constructs by tRA was found to be maximal between 0.1 and 10 μM (Allenby et al. 1993 ), and experiments with glial cultures showed strong effects with 0.01–1 μM (van Neerven, Regen, et al., 2010 ). To test the molecular regulation of phagocytosis we therefore tested 10 nM, 0.1 μM, and 0.5 μM of the pan‐RAR agonist all‐tRA (R2625; Sigma); 0.1 and 0.5 μM pan‐RXR agonist bexarotene (153559‐49‐0; LC Laboratories); 1 μM pan‐RXR antagonist UVI3003 (3303; Tocris); 1 μM RARβ agonist‐RARα/γ antagonist BMS189453 (SML1149; identical to BMS453; Sigma); 1 and 10 μM pan LXR agonist T0901317 (Cay71810‐10; Cayman); 9 and 18 μM PPARα agonist fenofibrate (Cay10005368‐1; Cayman); 50 nM and 0.1 μM PPARγ antagonist rosiglitazone (LKT‐R5773.100; LKT Laboratories); 0.2 and 0.5 μM PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 (Cay10004272‐1; Cayman); 1 and 2 μM FXR agonist GW4064 (Cay10006611‐5; Cayman); 0.5 and 1 μM TGM2 inhibitor cystamine dihydrochloride (B22873.14; Alfa Aesar); 15, 25, 50, and 100 μM TGM2 inhibitor ERW1041E (5095220001; Merck); and 1, 5, and 25 μM blocker of scavenger receptor CD36 sulfo‐N‐succinimidyl oleate (SSO; SML2148; Merck).
5
Formulation and Characterization of Cysteamine-Based Eye Drops
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Cysteamine hydrochloride (cysteamine purity 97%) was obtained from Apollo Scientific (Stockport, UK) and 1-Heptanesulphone acid sodium salt was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cystamine dihydrochloride (Cystamine purity 97%) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Geel, Belgium). Aquoral® eye drops (0.4% w/v % hyaluronic acid (HA), sodium chloride, sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, water for injectable preparations) were purchased from Esteve (Barcelona, Spain). Acetonitrile UHPLC-MS grade and acetic acid were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Radnor, PA, USA). Balanced Salt Solution (BSS®) was purchased from Alcon (Geneva, Switzerland). Ultrapure water from MilliQ, Merck Millipore (Madrid, Spain) was used. As a packaging material, COL Eye Drops System® made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and di-n-octyl phthalate/di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP/DEHP), free from Biomed Device (Modena, Italy), were used as single-dose containers.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Nanoparticles
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Cystamine dihydrochloride (97%), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, peptide
synthesis grade), N-carbobenzyloxy-l -valine
(>99%), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate (TBTU, 99%), N-carbobenzyloxy-l -tryptophan (98%), hydrogen bromide (pure, 33 wt % solution
in glacial acetic acid), and Nile red (99%) were purchased from Thermo
Fisher Scientific. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, ≥99.0%),
sodium hydroxide pellets (≥98.0%), and pyrene (98%) were ordered
from Sigma-Aldrich. N-Carbobenzyloxy-l -phenylalanine
(99.6%) was ordered from Cymitquimica-Bachem; hydrochloric acid (37%)
from LABBOX-España; magnesium sulfate anhydrous, extrapure,
from Scharlau; uranyl acetate 1% solution (depleted uranium) from
Electron Microscopy Sciences; and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride
(TCEP, >98%) from TCI chemicals. Acetate buffer was prepared by
dissolving
sodium acetate anhydrous (99%) and glacial acetic acid (99%) in water,
both purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
synthesis grade), N-carbobenzyloxy-
(>99%), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate (TBTU, 99%), N-carbobenzyloxy-
in glacial acetic acid), and Nile red (99%) were purchased from Thermo
Fisher Scientific. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, ≥99.0%),
sodium hydroxide pellets (≥98.0%), and pyrene (98%) were ordered
from Sigma-Aldrich. N-Carbobenzyloxy-
(99.6%) was ordered from Cymitquimica-Bachem; hydrochloric acid (37%)
from LABBOX-España; magnesium sulfate anhydrous, extrapure,
from Scharlau; uranyl acetate 1% solution (depleted uranium) from
Electron Microscopy Sciences; and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride
(TCEP, >98%) from TCI chemicals. Acetate buffer was prepared by
dissolving
sodium acetate anhydrous (99%) and glacial acetic acid (99%) in water,
both purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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