All solid samples (n = 36, contains 3 replicates) were freeze-dried (Alpha 1-2 LD freeze-dryer; Martin Christ, Osterode am Harz, Germany) and passed through a sterile 2-mm sieve. The sieved samples were mixed with ultrapure water (1:5, wt/vol) to get a suspension. The supernatant pH of the suspension was determined using a multiparameter water quality detector (Hach, Loveland, CO, USA) (25 (link)). Dissolved anions and cations were measured with anionic chromatography (ICS-600; Thermo Scientific, USA) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (iCAP 7600+; Thermo, USA), respectively, after filtration with 0.22-μm filters (47 (link)). The concentrations of CH4 and CO2 gases and the carbon isotope of CO2 ([δ13C]CO2) of cave air samples were measured by a high-precision carbon isotope analyzer (G2201-I; Picarro, USA) using cavity decay spectroscopy (cavity ring-down spectroscopy [CRDS]) (5 (link)) at the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.
Ics 600
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The ICS-600 is an ion chromatography system designed for the analysis of ionic compounds. It is capable of performing both anion and cation analysis. The system features automated calibration, self-diagnostics, and flexible configurations to meet a variety of analytical needs.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Icap 7600, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Alpha 1 2 ld freeze dryer, by Martin Christ (3 mentions)
Multiparameter water quality detector, by HACH (2 mentions)
Ics 900, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Vortex genie 2, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
Vario macro cube, by Elementar (1 mentions)
Nc 2100 elemental analyzer, by Analytik Jena (1 mentions)
Ionpac as18, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dionex, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Powersoil dna isolation kit, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
Clarus 690, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
14 protocols using ics 600
1
Characterization of Cave Geochemistry
2
Hydrogel Swelling and Release
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The p(MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogel (1 g) was cut and placed in PBS, deionized water, and 75% alcohol. The released liquids were collected for detection. Detection was performed using an ion chromatograph (ICS600, Thermo Fisher). On average, three replicated tests were used to plot the release results.
3
Groundwater Quality Characterization in Mining Areas
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Considering the distribution characteristics of the aquifer systems and the mining conditions, 40 groundwater samples were collected in August 2020: 12 from LA (lower), 13 from CA, and 15 from TA. LA and TA samples were obtained through borehole pumping, and CA samples were collected directly in the roadway (Figure 1 b). The clean polyethylene bottles (2L) were washed three times and then filled with water samples, sealed and sent to the laboratory to be filtered through 0.45 μm membrane and stored at 4 °C environment. All testing procedures were completed within one week. The concentrations of seven water quality parameters were tested, including Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3− and CO32−: HCO3− and CO32− were tested by titration of 0.05 mol/L HCl with methyl orange and phenolphthalein as indicators, and other parameters were tested by ion chromatography (ICS-600 for cations and ICS-900 for anions, Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA). All analyses were performed in triplicate to ensure the accuracy of the analysis and conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mine, Anhui Province, China.
4
Ammonia Synthesis Kinetics Evaluation
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The sample (0.25 g) was first exposed to a mixture of 10% H2/Ar at 350 °C for 4 h before the introduction of N2 or H2. All measurements were conducted at 350 °C at a designated pressure, and the outlet NH3 was measured using a known amount of diluted H2SO4 solution (0.02 mol L−1) and analyzed by ion chromatography (Thermo Scientific, DIONEX, ICS-600). Finally, the NH3 synthesis rates based on the outlet NH3 concentrations were calculated. The constituent gases in volume fraction of the reactant feed (N2, H2, Ar) were as follows in volume fraction (12.5%, 37.5%, 50%), (35%, 37.5%, 27.5%), (45%, 37.5%, 17.5%) and (55%, 37.5%, 7.5%) for the N2 reaction order and (25%, 62.5%, 12.5%), (25%, 50%, 25%), (25%, 25%, 50%) and (25%, 12.5%, 62.5%) for the H2 reaction order.
5
Characterization of Cave Geochemistry
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All solid samples (n = 36, contains 3 replicates) were freeze-dried (Alpha 1-2 LD freeze-dryer; Martin Christ, Osterode am Harz, Germany) and passed through a sterile 2-mm sieve. The sieved samples were mixed with ultrapure water (1:5, wt/vol) to get a suspension. The supernatant pH of the suspension was determined using a multiparameter water quality detector (Hach, Loveland, CO, USA) (25 (link)). Dissolved anions and cations were measured with anionic chromatography (ICS-600; Thermo Scientific, USA) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (iCAP 7600+; Thermo, USA), respectively, after filtration with 0.22-μm filters (47 (link)). The concentrations of CH4 and CO2 gases and the carbon isotope of CO2 ([δ13C]CO2) of cave air samples were measured by a high-precision carbon isotope analyzer (G2201-I; Picarro, USA) using cavity decay spectroscopy (cavity ring-down spectroscopy [CRDS]) (5 (link)) at the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.
6
Anionic Species Analysis by IC
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IC (Thermo Fisher ICS600, USA) was used to analyze the anionic species in solution after degradation. The analytical IC conditions were: column: IonPac AS14 (4.0 × 250 mm) + AG14, (4.0 × 50 mm); mobile phase: 3.5 mmol/L Na2CO3—1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3 aqueous solution; column temperature: 30 °C; suppressor current: 24 mA; flow rate: 1.2 mL/min; injection volume: 10 μL; and a Chromeleon7 workstation was used for data processing.
7
Soil Physicochemical Analysis Protocol
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All samples were freeze-dried (Alpha 12 LD freeze-dryer; Martin Christ, Osterode am Harz, Germany) and passed through a sterile 200-mesh sieve. Total organic carbon (TOC) content and C/N ratio were analyzed with a C-S analyzer (EA 4000, Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany) after acidification with 3 M HCl. One gram soil samples were mixed with 5 mL ultrapure water followed by 10 min vortex and subsequent centrifugation at 6,800 × g for 10 min (Yun et al., 2016b (link)). Filtrates (0.22 μm membrane) were used for the pH measurement and dissolved ion analysis. The pH was measured with a multi-parameter water quality detector (HACH, Loveland, CO). The analysis of dissolved anions and cations was performed using anionic chromatography (ICS-600, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) and ICP-OES (iCAP 7,600+, Thermo Scientific), respectively.
8
Soil and Water Nutrient Analysis
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The total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of soil were determined by the Kjeldahl method and the sulfuric perchloric acid digestion method. The total organic carbon of soil (SOC) was measured using a TOC Analyzer (multi N/C 3100, Berlin, Germany). The concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in water samples were measured using ion-exchange chromatography (ICS-600, Thermo-Fisher, Shanghai, China) with an IonPac AS19 anion column. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples were assessed according to the standard methods [17 ].
9
Quantification of Ionic Compounds in Freeze-Dried Samples
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Samples were freeze-dried for 24 h using a freeze-dryer (ALPHA 1-2LD, Christ, Germany). 10 g of ground sample was mixed with ultrapure water in a ratio of 1:5 (w/v), shaken for 5 min (Vortex-Genie®2, QIAGEN, Germany) and centrifuged at 6,800 × g (TGL-16A, Changsha) for 15 min. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane, acidified with 3 M HCl for cation except NH4+ measurement using ICS-600 (Thermo, United States). The ammonium of the filtrate without acidification was measured by the salicylic acid assay (Kandeler and Gerber, 1988 (link)), and the filtrate without acidification was determined for anion with ICP-OES (iCAP 7,600+) ion chromatography. pH was determined using a multi-parameter water quality tester (HACH, Loveland, CO, United States), and TOC was determined using an elemental analyzer (Vario MACRO cube, Elementar, Germany). The amount of un-ionized NH3 based on pH was calculated using the following formula (Emerson et al., 1975 (link)):
Where pKa is the dissociation constant of NH3 + H+/NH4+ pair in solution.
Where pKa is the dissociation constant of NH3 + H+/NH4+ pair in solution.
10
Analyzing Hot Spring Water Composition
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Major cation and anion concentration of the hot spring water was measured using ion chromatograph (IonPac AS18 4 × 250 mm for anion, ICS 600, ThermoFisher, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The DOC and TOC contents were measured by using an NC 2100 Elemental Analyzer (multi N/C 2100, Analytic Jena, Jena, Überlingen, Germany). Before TOC measurements, the sampled sediments were fumigated with HCl to remove carbonates.
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