Nanopure water

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Nanopure water is a type of ultrapure water produced by a water purification system. It is designed to remove impurities and contaminants from water, resulting in high-purity water suitable for various laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

14 protocols using nanopure water

L-cysteine-Encapsulated Liposome Preparation

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Example 1

L-cysteine-encapsulated liposomes were prepared using a reverse-phase evaporation method. (Gomes et al., 2006, Langmuir 22:7755-7759; An et al., 2009, J Collid Interface Sci., 331:98-103) Briefly, 5 mg of L-α-phosphotidylcholine (Egg PC, Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, Ala.) was dissolved in 1 mL chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) solution. Solvent was evaporated to form thin layer of PC under nitrogen flow and vacuum for 15 minutes to ensure that solvent is evaporated completely. Thin film of PC was rehydrated with 5 mL of L-cysteine (20 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) solution in NANOPURE water (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) to obtain 1 mg/mL final concentration of liposome. Multiplayer liposomal vesicles were vortexed until the solution become cloudy, then sonicated for one minute at room temperature. Multilayer liposomal vesicles with difference sizes were extruded through a 200 nm polycarbonate filter (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, Ala.) to produce a homogenous suspension of uniform size. The liposome solution was later dialyzed with NANOPURE water to remove any unencapsulated cysteine molecules using a 3.5K MWCO dialysis cassette (G2, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) for at least three hours. The final solution was stored at 4° C. until use. The fabricated liposome can be stable for two weeks at 4° C.

US10006906B2. Detection assays and methods (2018-06-26). REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA [US]. Inventors: Abdennour Abbas [US].

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Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles

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Silver nitrate (AgNO₃, 99.9999%),
tannic acid (purissimum grade), sodium citrate tribasic dehydrate
(citrate, ≥99%), sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
(PVP, average MW = 29,000 Da and 55,000 Da), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, ≥99%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30 wt %), ethylene glycol (EG), nitric acid (HNO₃, >99.999%,
trace metal basis), and a silver standard for ICP (Fluka, TraceCERT
1001 ± 2 mg/L Ag in HNO₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, >99.999%, trace metal
basis),
sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.6%), Luria-Bertani broth (LB, Miller), BD
Bacto dehydrated agar, and glycerol were purchased from Fisher Scientific
(Waltham, MA). All reagents were used as received unless otherwise
indicated. All chemicals were dissolved in deionized (DI) water obtained
from a Milli-Q ultrapure water purification system. NANOpure water
(Thermo Scientific, ≥18.2 MΩ cm) was used in the preparation
of all solutions associated with AgNP synthesis. Before use, all glassware
and Teflon-coated stir bars were washed with aqua regia (3:1 ratio
of concentrated HCl and HNO₃ by volume) and rinsed thoroughly
with water. Caution: aqua regia is highly toxic and corrosive and
requires proper personal protective equipment. Aqua regia should be
handled in a fume hood only.

Stabryla L.M., Moncure P.J., Millstone J.E, & Gilbertson L.M. (2023). Particle-Driven Effects at the Bacteria Interface: A Nanosilver Investigation of Particle Shape and Dose Metric. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(33), 39027-39038.

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Synthesis of 40 nm Gold Nanoparticles

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AuNPs of ~40 nm in diameter were prepared by an established seed-mediated growth method 46 (link), 47 (link). Briefly, 30 mL of 2.2 mM sodium citrate was boiled to reflux in a three-necked round-bottom flask under rapid stirring, followed by a quick injection of 0.2 mL of 25 mM Au³⁺ solution. The reaction mixture was boiled for 15 min, and a color change from colorless to reddish-orange was observed for the “seed solution”. Afterward, the reaction mixture was cooled to 90 °C and maintained at this temperature. 0.2 mL of 25 mM Au³⁺ solution was injected twice at 30 min intervals. The reaction mixture was diluted by replacing 11 mL of the solution with 10.6 mL of Nanopure water (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 0.4 mL of 60 mM sodium citrate. At 90 °C, the addition of 0.2 mL of 25 mM Au³⁺ solution was repeated three times every 30 min. The mixture was used for subsequent NP growth. The cycle of (1) dilution, (2) injection of sodium citrate, and (3) addition of three doses of Au³⁺ solution was repeated until the resultant AuNPs measured ∼40 nm in hydrodynamic diameter.

Yin B., Zhang Q., Xia X., Li C., Ho W.K., Yan J., Huang Y., Wu H., Wang P., Yi C., Hao J., Wang J., Chen H., Wong S.H, & Yang M. (2022). A CRISPR-Cas12a integrated SERS nanoplatform with chimeric DNA/RNA hairpin guide for ultrasensitive nucleic acid detection. Theranostics, 12(13), 5914-5930.

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Citrate-Reduced Silver Nanoparticles Characterization

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All chemicals including BSA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The citrate-reduced AgNPs with nominal diameter of 10 nm (Figure S1, Supporting Information) were purchased from Nanocomposix Inc. AgNPs synthesized in house with the Lee and Meisel method have also been used in this work.²⁹ Similar experimental observations were seen with both the in-house and commercial AgNPs. However, the data presented in this manuscript are all obtained with the commercial citrated reduced AgNPs because of their smaller particle size and more uniform particle size distribution. Indeed, because of their smaller size (10 nm versus ~65 nm for the inhouse AgNPs), the protein- and organothiol-induced AgNP structural modification are much more readily detectable with the commercial AgNPs. Nanopure water (Thermo Scientific) was used in sample preparation. An Olis HP 8452 A diode array spectrophotometer was used for the time-resolved UV–vis measurements. All solutions were stored in a refrigerator at ~4 °C. Normal Raman and SERS spectra were acquired using the Lab Ram HR800 confocal Raman microscope system with a 633 nm Raman excitation laser.

Siriwardana K., Wang A., Gadogbe M., Collier W.E., Fitzkee N.C, & Zhang D. (2015). Studying the Effects of Cysteine Residues on Protein Interactions with Silver Nanoparticles. The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces, 119(5), 2910-2916.

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Lipid Vesicle Preparation and SERS Analysis

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Solutions containing
1,2-dipalmityol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)
(Avanti Polar Lipids)
single-shell vesicles of varying sizes were prepared by extrusion
through polycarbonate filters (Whatman, Nuclepore) with decreasing
pore size (1000, 400, 200, and 100 nm).²⁸ For SERS experiments, vesicle solutions were diluted to 0.05 wt
% with nanopure water (18.2 MΩ-cm, Thermo Scientific). Polystyrene
beads (Sigma-Aldrich) of varying sizes (1100, 300, and 100 nm) were
diluted to 0.001 wt % in nanopure water. A 200 μL drop of diluted
solution was placed directly onto the substrate, and meniscus contact
was made with the dipping objective.

Asiala S.M, & Schultz Z.D. (2014). Surface Enhanced Raman Correlation Spectroscopy of Particles in Solution. Analytical Chemistry, 86(5), 2625-2632.

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Polyacrylamide Phantom for Perfluorocarbon Dynamics

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To evaluate droplet vaporization and recondenstation dynamics, a polyacrylamide phantom containing solely PFHnDs was fabricated. The polyacrylamide phantom was prepared by first adding 127 mL nanopure water (Thermo Scientific), 42.5 mL 40% polyacrylamide solution (VWR), and 1.7 mL 10% aqueous ammonium persulfate (Sigma Aldrich) to a Büchner flask and mixing with a magnetic stir bar and stir plate. The solution was degassed by sealing the top of the flask with a rubber stopper, attaching the flask to a vacuum, and sonicating using the water bath sonicator for 10 minutes. The solution was returned to the stir plate and 170 µL PFHnDs were added to the solution followed by 212.5 µL of tetramethylethylenediamine (Sigma Aldrich). The phantom was poured into a plastic container and allowed to solidify before removal from the mold.

Hallam K.A., Donnelly E.M., Karpiouk A.B., Hartman R.K, & Emelianov S.Y. (2018). Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets: a new tool for blood brain barrier opening. Biomedical Optics Express, 9(9), 4527-4538.

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Characterization of PEI/Tf-PEI Polyplexes

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For the measurement of size, PEI or Tf-PEI polyplexes were prepared with 50 pmol siRNA in HBS at different N/P ratios. The total volume of 100 µl polyplexes was added into a disposal micro cuvette (Brand GMBH, Wertheim, Germany) and the size was measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Inc., Westborough, MA). The measurement was set up at 173° backscatter angle and 15 runs were performed three times for each sample. For data analysis, 0.88 mPa*s for viscosity and 1.33 for refractive index were used with the Zetasizer Software (Malvern). Subsequently, polyplexes were diluted with Nanopure water (Thermo scientific) to 1 ml and transferred to a folded capillary cell (Malvern) and zeta-potential measurements were performed three times for each sample using the Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern).

Xie Y., Kim N.H., Nadithe V., Schalk D., Thakur A., Kılıç A., Lum L.G., Bassett D.J, & Merkel O.M. (2016). Targeted Delivery of siRNA to Activated T Cells via Transferrin-Polyethylenimine (Tf-PEI) as a Potential Therapy of Asthma. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 229, 120-129.

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Characterization of Polystyrene Nanoparticles

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Polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs,
Cat #16688) and fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles (fPSNPs, Cat
#18719) were obtained from Polysciences, Inc. They both have a nominal
diameter of 0.1 μm. Crystal violet perchlorate (Cat #255246),
Rhodamine 6G (Cat #R4127), and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethylene (TPE) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Nanopure water
(18.2 MΩ cm, Thermo Scientific) was used for solution preparation.
The UV–vis extinction spectra were acquired using a Thermo
Scientific Evolution 300 UV–vis spectrophotometer. Polarized
Stokes’-shifted fluorescence (SSF) and polarized resonance
synchronous spectroscopy (PRS2) spectra were obtained with a Horiba
Fluoromax-4-spectrofluorometer equipped with computerized excitation
and detection polarizers. All PRS2 spectra were acquired with a 1
cm × 1 cm fluorescence cuvette. Unless stated otherwise, fluorescence
measurements for each sample were performed with all four square cuvettes
with lengths and widths of 3 mm × 3 mm, 4 mm × 4 mm, 5 mm
× 5 mm, and the 10 mm × 10 mm, respectively.

Xu J.X., Liu M., Athukorale S., Zou S, & Zhang D. (2019). Linear Extrapolation of the Analyte-Specific Light Scattering and Fluorescence Depolarization in Turbid Samples. ACS Omega, 4(3), 4739-4747.

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Antioxidant Assay Protocol

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Hexafluoro butyric acid (PFBA; 98% purity), methanol (LC-MS grade), sulfuric acid, titanium tetrachloride, hydrogen peroxide (3%), potassium phosphate monobasic, and dibasic (for phosphate buffer preparation), quercetin and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Allentown, PA, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie reagent, 2′, 7′ -dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA), and SOD kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Allenstown, PA, USA). Nanopure water (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to prepare all solutions.

Omagamre E.W., Mansourian Y., Liles D., Tolosa T., Zebelo S.A, & Pitula J.S. (2022). Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) Induces a Non-Enzymatic Oxidative Stress Response in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17), 9934.

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Soybean Model for PFAS Uptake Studies

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Soybean plants have been extensively used as models for PFAS uptake studies due to their important economic value [3 (link),15 (link),65 (link)]. Seeds were purchased from Jonny’s Selected Seeds (Winslow, ME, USA). They were surface sterilized, and two seeds were sown in polypropylene pots containing 80 g of wet sterilized soil (Pro-Mix BX Mycorrhizae) in a climate-controlled chamber (day: 15 h, 27 °C, 70%RH; night: 9 h, 23 °C, 70%RH). Each pot was placed in a pre-rinsed polypropylene bag to prevent water drainage which might lead to cross-pot contamination. Five treatment groups (4 pots per treatment) were designed, and irrigation was accordingly commenced with PFBA-spiked water at concentrations of 100 pg/L, 10 ng/L, 100 ng/L, 100 μg/L, and 1 mg/L, respectively. The experimental controls were irrigated with Nanopure water (Barnstead, Thermofisher). Equal volumes of water were used in irrigating all plant samples throughout the 5-week growing period i.e., 1.4 L per pot.

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