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23 protocols using sta 2500

1

Comprehensive Characterization of Mask Materials

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Thermogravimetry analyses (TGA, NETZSCH STA 2500) were performed in the range of 30°C–800°C at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. The sample morphology was imaged on an SEM (S-4800, HITACHI). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained on a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were measured on a Nicolet 6700 (Thermo Scientific) with an attenuated total reflectance method. Raman analysis was performed using a Renishaw InVia Raman spectrometer under visible excitation at 633 nm. The filtration efficiency of masks was assessed on a bacterial filtration efficiency tester (ZR-1000) with gas flowmeter: 28.3 L/min, test Strain: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, positive quality control value: 2100 CFU, and particle filter efficiency tester (ZR-1006) with 0.3 μm NaCl aerosol and gas flowmeter: 32 L/min. Water sorption isotherms were collected on a vapor sorption analyzer (VSTAR) from Quantachrome. The tubes including the samples were degassed under vacuum at 100°C for 3 h. The samples were attached to the analysis port and measurements were started. A PLS-SXE300D Xenon lamp source was used for the evaporation tests with a light intensity of 200 mW cm−2. Live/dead cell viability assays were performed on a laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSM 980 Zeiss).
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2

Weight Loss and Temperature in Demineralized Dentin

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The relationship between weight loss and temperature after cross-linking in 100 mg/ml TF3, 5% GA, and ethanol solutions respectively of demineralized dentin was measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer (Netzsch STA-2500), including TG and DTG curves. The parameters are set in the following manner: the nitrogen flow rate is 10 mL/min and the temperature rises to 200°C. Then, the test begins after falling to room temperature. Following this, the temperature rises to 1,000°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min.
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3

Thermal Analysis of Material Samples

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A Perkin-Elmer DSC 4000 (PE, Waltham, MA, USA) differential scanning calorimeter was used to carry out DSC measurements. The test conditions during the measurement were as follows: a heating rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min and a heating temperature range of 50–300 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere.
A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer STA2500 (Netzsch, Selb, Germany). The samples were heated from 25 to 800 °C under N2 conditions at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.
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4

Comprehensive Materials Characterization

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A thermogravimetric
(TG) test was conducted in a N2 atmosphere using an STA
2500 (Netzsch, German) between 25 and 900 °C at a scan rate of
10 °C min–1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns
were obtained using a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer within the range
of 10–90°. Raman measurements were carried out on a Thermo-DXR-2xi
in the range of 500 to 3000 nm–1 with a 532 nm wavelength
laser. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations were conducted
on a Hitachi SU8020. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images
were obtained with a JEOL JEM-2100F microscope operated at 200 kV.
The porosity of the samples was characterized using a Micromeritics
ASAP2000 with N2 used as an adsorbate. Before testing,
all samples were degassed at 300 °C for 12 h. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
method was used to calculate the specific surface area. The specific
surface area of micropores (SMicro) and
volume of micropores (VMicro) were calculated
by the t-plot method. Pore size distribution (PSD)
of the samples was obtained by the density functional theory method
using the N2 adsorption data assuming a slit pore geometry.
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5

Thermogravimetric Analysis of G. elata Starch

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Following the method of Ma et al. (23 (link)), the thermogravimetric properties of G. elata starch were determined by STA (STA-2500, NETZSCH Inc., Selb, Germany). The test temperature was 30°C–600°C, nitrogen was the ambient gas, and the rising temperature was 10°C/min.
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6

Comprehensive Nanomaterial Characterization

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The size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were determined with dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS 90, UK). The nanoparticle morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G2 F30, USA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, ZEISS GeminiSEM 300, Germany). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR, Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700, USA) spectra were recorded using the KBr-pressed plates. Ultraviolet–visible–NIR (UV–vis–NIR, UV-1900i, Japan) absorption spectra were acquired in 240–900 nm wavelength. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA, Netzsch STA 2500, Germany) was carried out under a nitrogen environment with a heating rate of 10°C min−1. The Fe content in the samples was tested by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin-Elmer Nexion 350×, USA).
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7

Comprehensive Characterization of Sample Morphology and Properties

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The crystallographic morphology of the samples was analyzed by high-resolution field-emission SEM (Hitachi SU8220, Japan). A small amount of the sample was placed on a sample holder using conductive tape and Au-coated by spraying for 150 s. Then, the sample morphology was analyzed at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV. The surface functional groups were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy (VERTES 70, Germany) in the 4000–400 cm−1 range using 32 scans and a resolution of 4 cm−1. The crystal structure of the samples was analyzed using XRD (Rigaku MiniFlex600, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation at 30 kV and 20 mA in the 2θ range of 5–80° at a scan speed of 10° per min. The thermal stability of the samples was tested by TG analysis (NETZSCH STA2500, Germany). The samples were heated from room temperature to 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1 under atmospheric pressure. An AFM (HITACHI 5100N, Japan) was used to observe the roughness of the sample surface. To investigate the electrical performance, a shaker (JZK-10, China) and a linear motor measuring device (LINMOT H10-70 × 240/210, US) were used to periodically separate and join the TENG electrodes at a certain acceleration, and the generated electrical signals were collected with an electrostatic meter (Keithley 6514, US) and acquisition card (NI USB-6259, US).
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8

Comprehensive Material Characterization Protocol

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were observed on a ZEISS Sigma 300 microscope, operated at 3 kV, 20 C. Prior to the SEM observations, all the samples were coated with a thin layer of gold using the Oxford Quorum SC7620 plasma sputtering apparatus. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were observed on a JEOL JEM-2100 microscopy, operated at 200 kV, 20 C. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained on an AV ATAR 370 Thermo Nicolet spectrophotometer from 600 to 4000 cm−1 using KBr pellets. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer using CuKα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm), operated at 40 kV and 40 mA with scan angle from 2θ = 5–80° at a scan rate of 10° min−1. Ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer by using a quartz cuvette with an optical path length of 1 cm at room temperature. Thermogravimetric (TGA) curves were obtained on a NETZSCH STA 2500 simultaneous thermal analyzer under nitrogen atmosphere from 25 to 800 C with a heating rate of 10 C min−1. The Zeta potentials (ζ) were measured by using a MALVERN ZETASIZER NANO ZS90 instrument at 25 C, the individual potential was measured for three times for accuracy.
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9

Thermogravimetric Analysis with NETZSCH STA 2500

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Thermogravimetric analyzer (Germany NETZSCH STA 2500), crucible.
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10

Thermal Analysis of TMIPS Sample

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The thermal property of the TMIPs sample was studied using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA2500, NETZSCH, Germany). The heating rate was 10° min–1, the heating range was 25–550°C, and the flow rate was 30 ml min–1 under a nitrogen atmosphere.
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