Hyperoside

HFD (65.75% basal chow, 20% sucrose, 10% lard, 3% egg yolk powder, 1% cholesterol, 0.25% pig bile salt) was purchased from Beijing Sibeifu Bioscience Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Irbesartan was obtained from Sanofi Winthrop Industrie (France). STZ was purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) assay kits test kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Rat interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Multi Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Reference standards of ferulic acid, atractylodin, tanshinone, astragaloside, hyperoside, loganin, gallic acid, morroniside, allantoin, oleanic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, paeoniflorin, vaccarin, pyrrolidinium, leonurine, and catalpol were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

The reference standards of isorhmnetin (3), diosmetin (6), isochlorogenic acid A (7), kaempferol (10), quercetin (14), isochlorogenic acid C (15), apigenin (19), forsythin (20), chlorogenic acid (23), liquiritin (25), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (26), astragalin (28), luteolin (29), buddleoside (31), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (33), amygdalin (37), caffeic acid (38), forsythoside A (39), glycyrrhizic acid (40), ferulic acid (42), rutin (44), hyperoside (50), and platycodin D (51) were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology, Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Mulberry leaf, chrysanthemum, Fructus Forsythiae, licorice, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Platycodi Radix and Phragmitis Rhizoma were purchased from Guangdong Huiqun Chinese Traditional Medicine, Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China), and mint was provided by Jiangxi Jianmin Natural Perfume Factory (Ji’an, China). Their voucher specimens have been deposited at the Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. All other reagents were of analytical grade and obtained commercially.