D saccharic 1 4 lactone monohydrate

Methyl gallate (MG; ≥98% purity) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Pentagalloyl glucopyranose (PGG; >95% purity) was purchased from Endotherm GmbH (Saarbrücken, Germany). Formononetin, which was used as an internal standard (IS) for LC–MS/MS, and genistein were purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid trisodium salt (UDPGA), alamethicin, D-saccharic-1,4-lactone monohydrate, magnesium chloride and β-glucuronidases (type H-1 from Helix pomatia, 1,926,000 units/G solid; type H-5 from H. pomatia, 584,800 units/G solid; and type XI-A from Escherichia coli, 1,660,000 units/G solid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Two commercially recombinant human UGTs (Supersomes™; UGT1A1 and 1A9) and pooled HLMs (50 donors) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Woburn, MA, USA). Pooled male RLMs were prepared from Sprague-Dawley, Wistar and Gunn rats as previously described [24 (link)]. All solvents used in the LC–MS/MS analyses were of LC−MS grade and obtained from EMD Millipore (Gibbstown, NJ, USA). All other materials (typically analytical grade or higher) were used as received.

ME was procured from SK Bioland Ltd (Chungnam, Korea) with 14.3 ± 2.0% MGN, 20.6 ± 0.3% HNK and 16.6 ± 0.9% w/w MHNK. ME was authenticated and technical datasheet supplied by the manufacturer. Additionally, we performed thorough in-house LCMS/MS phytochemical characterization and quantification of the active constituents before cell and animal studies. This source of material has been shown to have pharmacological activity in different disease indications in animals in the published literature ^{31 (link)–33 (link)}. Baohuoside I was purchased from Chengdu Must Bio-technology Co. Ltd (Chengdu, China). Ammonium acetate, formic acid (LC-MS grade), Uridine-5’-diphosphate-β, D-glucuronic acid ester (UDPGA), 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS), D-saccharic-1,4-lactone monohydrate, magnesium chloride, magnolol, honokiol were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). 4-O-methylhonokiol was purchased from LKT Laboratories Inc (Minnesota, USA). Protein assay kit was purchased from BioRad, Hercules, CA. All other materials (typically analytical grade or better) were used as received.

Genistein, biochanin A, apigenin and chrysin were purchased from Indofine Chemicals (Hillsborough, NJ). Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS, powder form), uridine-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDP), alamethicin, D-saccharic-1,4-lactone monohydrate, and magnesium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL). Non-soy rat chow (AIN76A) was purchased from Harlan Laboratory (Madison, WI). All other materials (typically analytical grade or better) were used without further purification.