Jem 2100f uhr field emission instrument

Powdered silicon (~40 µm), NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, HF, HNO₃, palladium chloride, polypyrrole-doped carbon black, and hydroquinone were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. We utilized double-distilled water for preparing all the solutions. The XPS for the Pd@PSi−PPy−C was achieved utilizing the MgKα spectrometer (JEOL, JPS 9200) under the following conditions: pass energy = 50 eV (wide-scan) and 30 eV (narrow-scan), voltage = 10 kV, and current = 20 mA. XRD spectra were recorded using the PANalytical X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα_1/2, λα₁ = 154.060 p.m., λα₂ = 154.439 p.m. radiation. A Perkin Elmer 100 spectrometer was used to record the FTIR spectra from the PSi and Pd@PSi−PPy−C nanocomposite. FE-SEM investigations were performed using an FE-scanning electron microanalyzer (JEOL-6300F, 5 kV). The elemental analysis of the as-grown Pd@PSi−PPy−C was performed by EDS (JEOL, Japan). TEM micrographs were taken at 200 kV using a JEOL JEM-2100F-UHR field emission instrument fitted out with a Gatan GIF 2001 energy filter and 1 k-CCD camera. Electrochemical investigations were performed utilizing a Zahner Zennium potentiostat (German).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted at 200 kV with a JEOL JEM-2100 F-UHR field-emission instrument (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Gatan GIF 2001 energy filter (Pleasanton, CA, USA) and a 1 K CCD camera in order to obtain EEL spectra. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images were carried out with a FE scanning electron microanalyzer (JEOL-6300 F, 5 kV). X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were acquired on a PANalytical X’ port diffractometer using CuKα_1/2, λα₁ = 154.060-pm and λα₂ = 154.439-pm radiation. Raman spectroscopy was carried out using a Perkin Elmer Raman Station 400 (Waltham, MA, USA). The nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms were measured at 77 K using a Quantachrome Autosorb 3B after the samples were vacuum-dried at 200°C overnight. The sorption data were analyzed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model with Halsey equation [26 ]. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were recorded with a Bruker FRA 106 spectrometer (Ettlingen, Germany) using the standard KBr pellet method. Reflectance spectrum was taken at room temperature using UV-visible spectrophotometer (lambda 950 Perkin Elmer) fitted with universal reflectance accessory in the range of 200 to 800 nm and using BaSO₄ as reference.