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55 protocols using nano s

1

Measuring SDS Critical Micelle Concentration

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The CMC of SDS at 150 mM NaCl and pH 7.4 was measured on a Zetasizer Nano S (Malvern) in a low-volume quartz cuvette. Each of the [SDS] in the 0–5 mM range was measured three times and the Z-average was taken as the value of the particle size.
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2

Nanoparticle Size and Zeta Potential

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A volume of 20 µL of nanoparticle suspension was diluted in 2 mL of distilled water, then the particle size and zeta potential were measured before lyophilization by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using Zeta sizer Nano-S and Nano-Z from Malvern Instruments Ltd (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The values were expressed as median diameter (D 50%) and millivolt (mV), for particle size and zeta potential, respectively. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the particle size was also reported.
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3

Biosynthesis and Characterization of ZnO NPs

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The formation of biosynthesized ZnO NPs by strain TA4 was monitored by visual assessment using UV–vis spectroscopy (Uviline 9400, Secomam, France) in a colloid solution. The spectrum was measured by observing the intense absorbance peak related to surface plasmon excitation in the wavelength range of 300–500 nm operated at a resolution of 1 nm. The hydrodynamic particle size distribution and polydispersity index (PDI) of biosynthesized ZnO NPs in solution was measured by DLS using Nano S (Malvern Instruments, UK). Briefly, about 100 µL of ZnO NPs solution was diluted in deionized water and vortexed for homogenization before performing the measurement [74 (link)]. The measurements were carried out in triplicate, and the data obtained was in the average value generated by the software equipped with the DLS instrument. The results were presented at intensity (%) and size number-based distributions.
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4

Emulsification of Linolenic Acid for Flow Cytometry

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Linolenic acid was used as the oil phase in an oil/water emulsion. 5 mL of 6% w/v solution PVA was used as the water phase. PVA also served as a surfactant. A fixed amount (20 μL) of linolenic acid was used in the flow cytometry experiment. The mixtures were emulsified using a high-speed homogenizer (Fisher Scientific PowerGen, Model 125) for 40 minutes at 5 different speeds in the range 20000–30000 rpm for different sizes (within 2.8–3.7 μm range) of the oil droplets. Particle size was estimated by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS, Malvern, Zetasizer Nano S). Stability of the obtained emulsions was tested using the spectrophotometer. Particles in the emulsion were stained using both NR and BODIPY in the same way as algae cells: 20 μL of dye solution (NR in acetone or BODIPY in DMSO) was added to 3 mL of emulsion, followed by 1 minute of vortexing, and kept for 10 min in the dark.
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5

Exosome Size Determination by Zetasizer

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The size of exosomes derived from SW480-7 cell culture supernatants was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy technique using the Zetasizer Nano S instrument (Malvern Instrument, Malvern, UK). Twenty µL of exosomes (143 µg/mL) derived from SW480-7 were diluted in 1 mL of ddH2O. The particle size and size distribution were measured as cumulant (z-average) size and polydispersity index (PDI).
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6

Particle Size Determination by DLS

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DLS was collected by averaging 12 runs of 10 seconds each with a pre‐equilibration time of 30 seconds using a Zetasizer Nano S instrument (Malvern, Inc, Worcestershire, UK) with 70 µL volume and 1 cm cuvette pathlength. The diameter was determined using the volume (%) function.
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7

Dynamic Light Scattering of Samples

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DLS was collected by averaging 12 runs of 10 seconds each with a pre-equilibration time of 30 seconds using a Zetasizer Nano S instrument (Malvern, Inc, Worcestershire, UK) with 70 μL volume and 1 cm cuvette pathlength. The diameter was determined using the volume (%) function.
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8

Starch Particle Size and Zeta Potential Determination

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The particle size and zeta potential of starch samples was determined by following the method of Ahmad et al.45 (link). Briefly, 0.01% w/v of sample was dispersed in mili-q water and sonicated in a bath sonicator for half an hour, particle measurement was then taken using a Zeta-sizer (Nano S, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). For measuring the zeta potential, 0.01% of the sample was dispersed overnight in 0.1 Mm KCI at pH 6 in order to equilibrate the sample solution.
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9

Stable DHA Fish Oil Nanoemulsion

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Example 8

This example presents one DHA fish oil/water embodiment of a microfluidized nanoemulsions that maintains particle diameter for at least two months. The step-wise procedure is as follows:

1. Heat 6.4 g DHA fish oil

2. Add 6 g soy lecithin

3. Add 250 mg polysorbate 80

4. Heat 240 mL de-ionized water, 75° C.

5. Add heated water to mixture

6. Stir and heat, 20 mins

7. Homogenize 2 mins

8. Stir and heat, 10 mins

9. Microfluidize using a M-110EH unit once at 25,000 PSI

10. Do particle diameter analysis using a Malvern Nano S instrument

The mean particle diameter (i.e., Peak 1) for the DHA fish oil/water microfluidized nanoemulsion was 73 nm. Two month s after the microfluidization process, the particle diameter was again determined and found not to have changed. See FIG. 8. The average particle diameter from the two-month microfluidized sample is presented in Table 10.

TABLE 10
Stable Microfluidized DHA Fish Oil/Water Nanoemulsion
Diam. (nm)% IntensityWidth (nm)
Peak 181.7310020.38
Peak 2000
Peak 3000
Z-Average: 72.58;
PDI: 0.205;
Intercept: 0.9636.

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10

Monitoring Sbi III-IV-Ag85b Particle Growth

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To analyse the increase in size of ensilicated Sbi III-IV-Ag85b particles over time, prehydrolysed TEOS was added to 100 µl 1 mg ml−1 Sbi III-IV-Ag85b in 50 mM Tris pH 7 at a ratio of 1:50. The volume of the solution was subsequently adjusted to 1 ml in order to retard the ensilication process and capture intermediate species. Particle size was subsequently monitored for 30 minutes with measurements acquired in intervals of 1 minute. To compare the sizes of untreated and thermally-treated native and released Ag85b, Sbi III-IV-Ag85b and Sbi III-IV, 50 µl samples at a concentration of 0.2 mg ml−1 were used. All particle size measurements according to volume and intensity were performed on a Zetasizer Nano S dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument (Malvern) using disposable plastic micro cuvettes (ZEN0040, Malvern).
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