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8 protocols using direct q 3uv r

1

Gluten Digestion by Pepsin Extraction

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All chemicals were purchased in analytical grade or higher. Wheat gluten (“vital gluten”), kindly provided by Hermann Kröner GmbH (Ibbenbueren, Germany), contained ≤8% moisture, ≤0.9% ash, and ≥78% protein (nitrogen × 6.25) according to the manufacturer’s product specification sheet. Pepsin capsules, offered as a dietary supplement (153 mg pepsin, corresponding to 3 × 106 albumin digestion units, per capsule), were purchased from Dr. Clark Store (Chula Vista, CA, USA). The capsule coating (hypromellose) was removed and pure pepsin powder was used for gluten digestion. Sodium hydroxide (“baker’s brine”) was obtained from Minerva (Calbitz, Germany). Vinegar essence (Surig®, Speyer & Grund, Meerane, Germany; 25% acetic acid) and mineral water in a glass bottle were bought at a local supermarket. Acetic acid (pH 3.0) was prepared by mixing 900 mL of mineral water and 100 mL of vinegar essence. Water for analytical purposes was obtained with a Direct-Q 3 UV-R (Millipore, Schwalbach, Germany).
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2

Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

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Gold(III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl4, ≥99.999%), sodium citrate (HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2 · 2H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, powder, ≥98.0%), and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH∙HCl, 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo). Silver nitrate (AgNO3, crystalline, ≥99.7%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Methoxy-PEG-thiol of 750 Da and distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine linked to a 2000 Da PEG terminated in a thiol, (DSPE-PEG-2000-SH), were purchased from Nanocs (New York, NY). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Al). All chemicals were used as received. Water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C was purified with a Millipore Direct Q 3UV-R (Billerica, MA) system.
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3

Synthesis of Thiol-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

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Diethylene glycol (DEG, ReagentPlus® 99%, lot no.MKB59378V), silicon oil, sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (NaSH), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37% by weight in water), silver trifluoroacetate (CF3COOAg, ≥ 99.99%, lot no.MKBQ7429V), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, powder, average MW 55,000, lot no. MKBN3006V), gold(III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl4, ≥ 99.999%), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, powder, ≥ 98.0%), and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH∙HCl, ReagentPlus® 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo). Silver nitrate (AgNO3, crystalline, ≥ 99.7%) was purchased from Fisher scientific. Ethylene glycol (EG, AR®, trace metal basis) was obtained from Macron Fine Chemicals™. Silver nitrate solution (AgNO3, 0.1M) was purchased from Fluka® Analytical. Methoxy-PEG-thiol of 750, 2000 and 5000 Da molecular weight and lipid-linked distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine linked to a 2000 Da PEG terminated in a thiol, DSPE-PEG-2000-SH, were purchased from Nanocs (New York, NY). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, Al). All chemicals were used as received. Water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C was purified with a Millipore Direct Q 3UV-R (Billerica, MA) system.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(β-Cyclodextrin)

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β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was purchased from ACROS-Organics (MW = 1134.98 g·mol−1, 98%, CAS 7585–39–9). For the poly(β-cyclodextrin) synthesis, hexamethylene diisocyanate (MW = 168.19 g·mol−1, purity ≥ 98%, CAS 822–06–0, 1,6-HDI) and dibutyltin dilaurate (MW = 631.56 g·mol−1, 95%, CAS 77–58–7, BTL) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinhem, Germany). The N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) used in the syntheses was dried by treatment with CaO (previously activated at 500 °C) for 24 h, followed by decanting and stirring with NaOH (solid) for 1 h. After further decantation, the solvent is distilled and stored over 4 Å molecular sieves. Activated carbon (AC, granular, pure) was purchased from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Cymoxanil (MW = 198.18 g·mol−1, 98.9%, CAS 57966–95–7, CYM) and imidacloprid (MW = 255.66 g mol−1, 100%, CAS 138261–41–3, IMD) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinhem, Germany).
The other chemicals were used without further purification process. All solutions were prepared with Millipore-Q water obtained with gradient water purification system Direct-Q® 3UV-R.
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5

Quantifying Gold Nanoparticles in Spinal Cord

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For sample preparation, a microwave-assisted digestion (ETHOS.lab, MLS, Leutkirch, Germany) of the spinal cord was performed using 5 ml nitric acid (65% w/v; VWR, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France), 1 ml hydrochloric acid (32% w/v; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and 0.5 ml hydrogen peroxide (30% w/v; VWR, Leuven, Belgium). Digested samples were diluted with ultrapure water from a Millipore system (Direct-Q® 3 UV-R, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) to 20 ml for measurements. Gold nanoparticle concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on a 7700x instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Standard solutions were prepared from a 1 g/l gold stock solution (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The method detection limit was determined with 1 ng/l. It should be noted that while ICP-MS probes the total GNP-mass per spinal cord, it does not provide any spatial information. The error bars in Fig. 2 are the statistical variation from three consecutive measurements of the same probe.
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6

Lipid-Protein Interactions in Biomembranes

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Lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC, MW=495.63 g/mol, CMC = 6 μM), a saturated 16 carbon single-tail lipid, was purchased in powder form from Anatrace and was used as received. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, MW=734.04 g/mol), a saturated 16 carbon double-tailed phospholipid, was purchased in powder form from Avanti Lipids and was used as received. β-lactoglobulin (18.4 kDa) was purchased in powder form from Sigma Aldrich and was used as received. Water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C was purified with a Millipore Direct Q 3UV-R (Millipore, Billerica, MA) system. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and phosphate buffer were purchased in powder form from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) and used to prepare phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions (150 mM NaCl and pH 7.0). The lipid dye, Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine triethylammonium salt, (TR-DHPE) was purchased from Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA and used as received. 1-(dipyrrometheneboron-difluoride)undecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, or TopFluor Lyso PC, a green fluorescent derivative of LysoPC with spectral properties similar to Bodipy-FL was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids.
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7

Synthesis of TGA-capped CdTe/CdS Core-Shell Quantum Dots

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TGA-capped CdTe/CdS core/shell QDs were prepared with a similar method to an earlier work.25 (link) The CdTe core was grown by refluxing a solution of Cd(ClO4)2 and TGA (molar ratio of 1 : 1.3), which was introduced with H2Te gas and deoxygenated by N2 gas, at 100 °C for 2 h. To grow the CdS core, thiourea (CH4N2S) was added to the core QD dispersion before the mixture was further refluxed overnight. QDs were cleaned by adding two parts of isopropanol to one part aqueous QD solution and agitating. The dispersion was then centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 g to produce a pellet. The supernatant was decanted and the QDs were then dispersed in ultrapure water (Direct-Q 3 UV-R; Millipore Co., USA) by sonication.
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8

Lipid Characterization and Fluorescent Labeling

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Lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Huntsville, AL) and used as received. LysoPC has a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of ~ 6 μM and a minimum surface tension of ~ 36 mN/m 2 at the CMC and higher concentrations. Water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C was purified with a Millipore Direct Q 3UV-R (Millipore, Billerica, MA) system. Sodium chloride (NaCl), and phosphate buffer were purchased in powder form from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), and used to prepare phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions (150 mM NaCl and pH 7.0). Survanta (AbbVie Inc., IL, USA) was diluted to 2 mg/mL in PBS before use. The lipid dye Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine triethylammonium salt, (TR-DHPE) was purchased from Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA and used as received. 1-(dipyrrometheneboron difluoride)undecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, or TopFluor Lyso PC, a green fluorescent derivative of LysoPC with spectral properties similar to Bodipy-FL was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids and used as received.
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