Advance computer program

The measurements of the contact angles were performed by placing a drop of deionized water with a conductivity of 0.2 µS/cm (HLP 20UV, Hydrolab, Straszyn, Poland) on the biomaterials’ surfaces. The drop shape was recorded directly using a digital camera and processed with the Krüss ADVANCE computer program (Krüss, Hamburg, Germany). The measurements were repeated three times for each sample. The average values and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated.

To evaluate the surface hydrophilicity of the membranes, static water contact angle experiments were conducted using a contact angle goniometer (DSA25B, Krüss, Hamburg, Germany). The wettability was tested using double-deionized water with a conductivity of 0.09 μS/cm according to standard PN-EN ISO3696:1999 (HLP20 UV, Hydrolab, Straszyn, Poland). Analyses were performed by observing the shape of liquid droplets placed on the sample and directly measuring the angle at the point of contact with the surface. Measurements were repeated three times for each sample type in air under controlled conditions (25 °C, 45% humidity) using a 5 mL glass syringe equipped with a flat-tip needle. Droplets (5 μL volume) were placed on the surface every 10 s (10 droplets per sample). The shape of the droplets was recorded directly using a digital camera and processed using the Krüss ADVANCE computer program (Krüss, Hamburg, Germany).