Pre calibrated electronic scale

Weight and height will be measured using a pre-calibrated electronic scale (Seca, Germany) to the nearest 0.5 kg and a wall-mounted stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm, respectively. BMI (kg/m²) will be calculated by the following equation: weight (kg)/height (m²). A non-elastic and flexible tape will be used to measure WC (at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the rib cage in a standing position at the end of normal expiration) and HC (the level of the greater trochanters) to the nearest 0.1 cm.
WHtR and WHR will be calculated by dividing WC by height and WC by HC, respectively. The ABSI was calculated using the following formula: ABSI = WC (m)/(BMI^2/3 × height^1/2 (m)) [48 (link)].
Body composition will be estimated using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method by a body composition analyzer (InBody 270, Seoul, South Korea).
All anthropometric assessments will be conducted by a trained assessor in duplicate, with the mean measurement recorded.

A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, education, occupation, household income, and smoking status from all the participants. Anthropometric measurements were recorded by trained data collectors and followed standard guidelines. To measure height, the participants were asked to stand still with their backs to a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca, Birmingham, U.K.) and head in the Frankfurt plan position. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm by lowering the measuring device until it gently rested on the scalp without putting pressure. To measure weight, the participants were instructed to remove their shoes, added clothes and any extra weight, and stand on a precalibrated electronic scale (Seca, U.K.). Weight was recorded in kilograms to the nearest 0.1 kg. For consistency, all the measurements were taken three times and the average was recorded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the fraction of weight to the squared height (kg/m²).
At least 5 mL of blood was collected from each participant by a trained phlebotomist using standard aseptic techniques. Following collection, blood samples were processed by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min, and the resulting serum was stored at −80 °C until analysis.