Cmc na

Lansoprazole (purity 99.45%) was provided by Wuhan Yuancheng Co-founder Technology Co., Ltd. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), (viscosity: 600–3000 mPa.s, USP grade) was obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.

All chemical reagents and raw materials were commercially acquired, including thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU, Tecoflex SG80A) from Lubrizol Corporation, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, M_w = 67 000), and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, 97%) from Shanghai Aladdin Bio‐Chem Technology Co., Ltd., lauric acid (LA, 98%) and Rhodamine B (RhB) from Heowns Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., silicone gel (Silbione RT GEL 4645A/B) from Elkem Silicones, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) from Nanjing KeyGen Biotech Co., Ltd., fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Gibco (CA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC‐Na, M_w = 90 000) from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. The liquid metal of eutectic gallium indium alloy (EGaIn) was obtained by melting a mixture of Ga and In at 80 °C for 2 h inside a glove box according to a weight ratio of 75.5:24.5. The phase change mixture was prepared by dissolving DOX (or RhB, 80 mg) and LA (2.4 g) in methanol (24 mL) and then evaporating the solvent under the ambient conditions.

Forty‐eight mice (BW, mean ± SD, 26.8 ± 0.6 g) were divided into four groups based on BW. They were fed a HFD (60% calories from fat, 20% calories from carbohydrate, and 20% calories from protein, SYSE, China) and concurrently received daily gavage with either Met (250 mg/kg/day, Aladdin), Mir (10 mg/kg/day, Meryer), Met/Mir (250/10 mg/kg/day) or Veh at 5:00 p.m. for 12 weeks. The chosen dosages of Met and Mir were based on the previous literature.¹⁹, ²⁷ All drugs were dissolved or suspended in the Veh, 0.4% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose sodium solution (CMC‐Na, Macklin). BW was monitored weekly at a fixed time of the day throughout the experimental period, and BW change was calculated as follows: (BW – BW_initial)/BW_initial × 100%.⁴⁷

Hypoxanthine (99%), potassium oxonate (97%), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC–Na) were acquired from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Allopurinol was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Serum UA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and XOD levels were assessed using kits purchased from the Nanjing Jian Cheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

NG was purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), and was dissolved in 1.0% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (1.0% CMC-Na; Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) at different concentrations. Hyaluronate gel was purchased from Changzhou Institute of Medica Co., Ltd. (Changzhou, China). A TGF-β1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Wuhan Huamei Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). The ELISA kit for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was purchased from Hangzhou MultiSciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). ELISA kits for gastrin and motilin were purchased from Wuhan Cloud Clone Corp. (Wuhan, China). The malondialdehyde ELISA kit was purchased from Shanghai Zhen Ke Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).