Cip hydrochloride

Various chemical reagents were sourced from suppliers across different regions. Ferric chloride and sodium nitrite were acquired from Ajax Finechem (New South Wales, Australia). Gallic acid and CIP hydrochloride were purchased from Bio Basic Inc. in Markham, ON, Canada. Epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin were procured from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Copper sulfate pentahydrate and hydrochloric acid were purchased from QRëC (Auckland, New Zealand). Chloroform and acetic acid were from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Carlo Erba (Barcelona Spain). Ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, manganese sulfate, phenol detached crystals, and sodium hypochlorite were acquired from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, bromophenol blue, sodium acetate, and calcium carbonate were acquired from KemAu (Sydney, Australia). Vanillin was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). We obtained sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride from RCI Labscan located in Thailand. Other chemicals and solvents were of the highest grade available.