Most of the chemicals used for extraction and characterization were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). The standards for antioxidant assays included gallic acid, quercetin, catechin and L-ascorbic acid, which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). For antioxidant assays, Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol, aluminium chloride hexahydrate, vanillin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric (III) chloride anhydrous, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), potassium persulfate and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and sodium carbonate anhydrous (chem-supply; Gillman, SA, Australia), sodium acetate hydrated (Ajax Finechem, Scoreby, VIC, Australia) and sulfuric acid 98% were purchased from RCI Labscan Limited, (Bangkok, Thailand). The HPLC grade methanol was purchased from Fisher Chemical Company (San Jose, CA, USA). The mobile phases for LC-ESI-QTOF/MS and HPLC were mainly comprised of 50% acetic acid solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and acetonitrile (LiChrosolv, Darmstadt, Germany). The reference standards including protocatechuic acid, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside and quercetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Folin and ciocalteu s phenol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol is a reagent used in colorimetric assays to determine the total phenolic content in various samples. It is a mixture of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids that react with phenolic compounds, producing a blue-colored complex that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acetic acid, by Tianjin Damao (6 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Tianjin Damao (6 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 4 6 tripyridyl s triazine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Tianjin Damao (3 mentions)
Ferric 3 chloride anhydrous, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Vanillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Kaempferol 3 o glucoside, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Protocatechuic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchromane 2 carboxylic acid trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Aluminium chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium acetate hydrated, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 protocols using folin and ciocalteu s phenol
1
Phytochemical Extraction and Antioxidant Assays
2
Phytochemical Compound Characterization
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The 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol were produced by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The standard chemicals, i.e., gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercitrin, kaempferol, astragalin, quercetin, theaflavin and caffeine, were obtained from Derick Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The methanol and formic acid were of chromatography-grade and purchased from Kermel Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China). All the other reagents (such as sodium carbonate anhydrous) were of analytical grade and obtained from Damao Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China).
3
Antioxidant Assays and Biochemical Analyses
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CCl4, sodium chloride, and acetic acid were obtained from Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Olive oil was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methanol (99.9%, HPLC/ACS grade) and formic acid (≥ 90%, guaranteed grade) were purchased from Amethyst Chemicals (Beijing, China) and Kermel Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China), respectively. The phenolic standards, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol, and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Gallic acid (> 98%) and (+)-catechin (> 98%) were obtained from Chengdu Derick Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China).
All chemicals were of analytical or chromatographical grade. Double-distilled water was used in all experiments. Bifendate was obtained from the Beijing Union Pharmaceutical Factory. Detection kits for total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG), GSH, SOD, and CAT were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
All chemicals were of analytical or chromatographical grade. Double-distilled water was used in all experiments. Bifendate was obtained from the Beijing Union Pharmaceutical Factory. Detection kits for total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG), GSH, SOD, and CAT were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
4
Phytochemical Extraction and Antioxidant Evaluation
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The solvents methanol, petroleum ether, and dichloromethane; the reagents DPPH•, Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol, TPTZ, 20 mM iron(III) chloride solution, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, aluminium chloride, and sodium hydroxide; and the standards used, ascorbic acid, catechin, gallic acid, and Trolox were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). The standard rutin was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). DMSO was purchased from Santa Cruz (Heidelberg, Germany).
5
Evaluation of Antioxidant Biomarkers
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Ethanol, acetic acid, and sodium chloride were obtained from Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Polyformaldehyde was purchased from Wuhan Good Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). 2,4,6-Tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol, Trolox, and 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, United States). All chemicals were of analytical grade, and the water used in this study was double distilled water. Detection kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), including triglyceride (TG), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total protein assay kits.
6
Analytical Standards for Antioxidant Assays
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All the chemicals
and reagents were of analytical grade and produced by Sigma-Aldrich
(Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Ethanol and analytical-grade acetonitrile
were produced by Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards for
antioxidant assays were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO,
USA), including gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, andl -ascorbic
acid. Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol, aluminum chloride hexahydrate,
vanillin, DPPH, ferric(III) chloride anhydrous, and ABTS, were produced
by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate anhydrous
was from Gilman Australia (SA, Australia), and sodium acetate hydrated
was from Ajax Finechem (VIC, Australia). Sulfuric acid 98% was produced
by RCI Labscan (Rongmuang, Thailand). In terms of the mobile phases
of the LC–MS/MS experiment, acetic acid was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and acetonitrile was from LiChrosolv
(Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade standards for HPLC-PDA quantification
analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) including
catechin, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside,
quercetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid,
and ferulic acid.
and reagents were of analytical grade and produced by Sigma-Aldrich
(Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Ethanol and analytical-grade acetonitrile
were produced by Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards for
antioxidant assays were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO,
USA), including gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, and
acid. Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol, aluminum chloride hexahydrate,
vanillin, DPPH, ferric(III) chloride anhydrous, and ABTS, were produced
by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate anhydrous
was from Gilman Australia (SA, Australia), and sodium acetate hydrated
was from Ajax Finechem (VIC, Australia). Sulfuric acid 98% was produced
by RCI Labscan (Rongmuang, Thailand). In terms of the mobile phases
of the LC–MS/MS experiment, acetic acid was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and acetonitrile was from LiChrosolv
(Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade standards for HPLC-PDA quantification
analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) including
catechin, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside,
quercetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid,
and ferulic acid.
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