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11 protocols using dp71 ccd

1

Histological and Ultrastructural Analysis of Rat Tissue

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When the experiment ended, these rats got anesthetized with overdosed 10% chloral hydrate (450 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection before euthanasia by cervical dislocation with no signs of peritonitis being observed. The harvest was conducted to the skin flaps of the rat, which was fixed within 10% formalin, got dehydration, and then was embedded into paraffin. Then, sections with a thickness of 4 µm are cut and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The Olympus BX51 microscope with equipment of a camera of Olympus DP71 CCD from Olympus Corporation in Japan was used to capture digital images (magnification ×200). Also, samples were fixed within 3% glutaraldehyde for 3 hours and 1% osmic acid for 1 hour, got dehydration, and then were embedded into paraffin. Then, sections with a thickness of 70 nm were cut, and then the transmission electron microscope was used (JEM1230; JEOL LTD, Japan) to capture digital images (magnification ×10,000). A blind manner was used to perform analysis on all images.
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2

Immunofluorescent Detection of DNA Damage

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Cells in culture were rinsed with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X‐100 in PBS for 10 minutes, blocked in 3% BSA for 30 minutes, and incubated with rabbit antiphospho‐histone H2AX (γH2AX; Ser139) antibody (#2577S, Cell Signaling Technology) at a dilution of 1:200 in 5% bovine serum albumin in PBS overnight at 4°C. Cells were rinsed with PBS and incubated with fluorescently tagged secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 647‐conjugated anti‐rabbit IgG (#A27040, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a dilution of 1:200 in PBS for 1 hour. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (1 μg/mL in PBS) for 5 minutes in the dark. Slides were examined under fluorescence microscopy, and images were acquired using a DP71 CCD (charge‐coupled device) digital camera (Olympus; Waltham, MA, USA). The percentage of γH2AX + nuclei‐positive cell was determined using images taken for three random fields per sample (n = 3 samples).
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Inflamed Joints

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Inflamed joints of CIA mice were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4) and then decalcified for two weeks in 10% EDTA (pH 7.4). The joints were embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryostat sections (5 µm) were either stained with hematoxylin and eosin as standard protocol and either incubated in 1% PBS/BR containing detection antibodies for immunofluorescence microscopy. Anti-F4/80 (Cl: A3-1)/Alexa Fluor 488 was purchased from AbD Serotec and Nb was labelled by Alexa Fluor 594 (Alexa Fluor 594 NHS Ester, Shanghai, China) purchased from Invitrogen. 2 µg of antibody and Nb in 1% PBS-BR were used per slide. Fluoro-Gel II/DAPI (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Shanghai, China) mounted slides were used for fluorescence microscopy with an UPlanFI 10×, 20× or 30× objective on an OLYMPUS BX51 microscope with OLYMPUS DP71 CCD and OLYMPUS DP Controller software (Shanghai, China).
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4

Aortic Tissue Histological Analysis

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At the end of the experiments, the rats were euthanized with an overdose of chloral hydrate. The aorta of the rats was harvested, and fixed with 10% formalin, dehydrated and embedded into paraffin. Next, sections with thickness of 4 µm were cut, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The Olympus BX51 microscope with the camera of Olympus DP71 CCD from Olympus (Tokyo, Japan) was used to capture digital images (magnification, ×200). A blinded manner was used to perform analysis on all images.
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5

Histological Analysis of Rat Myocardium

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Rat myocardial tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4˚C. After 24 h, myocardial tissue was dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. A microtome was subsequently used to section the myocardial tissue (thickness, 5 µm). Sections were dewaxed, hydrated and stained with hematoxylin solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for 1 min at 37˚C. After rinsing sections for 3 min with running water, excess stain was removed with hydrochloric acid alcohol (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Samples were then immersed in eosin solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for 1 min and dehydrated at 37˚C. Neutral gum was used to seal sections. Images were acquired using a light microscope (Nikon/80i; Nikon Corporation) and a digital camera (DP71CCD; Olympus Corporation).
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6

Cardiac Tissue Histological Preparation

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Hearts were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for 60 min at room temperature and then for 24 h at 4°C. The specimens were paraffin-embedded, cut into 5 μm thick sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Images were acquired using a light microscope (Nikon/80i, Japan) and a digital camera (DP71CCD, Olympus, Japan).
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7

Histological Analysis of Zebrafish Tissues

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After the adult zebrafish had been exposed to the treatments for 7 days, their eyes and brain tissues were harvested and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The tissues were processed routinely for paraffin embedding, and 8-μm-thick sections were cut and mounted onto glass slides. The tissue samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The sections were evaluated and photographed using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with an Olympus CCD DP71 (Olympus).
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Zebrafish Alcohol Exposure

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After the adult zebrafish had been exposed to the alcohol, their eyes and brain tissues were harvested and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, equilibrated in 30% sucrose/PBS overnight and embedded in OCT. Twelve-mm-thick sections were mounted on gelatin-coated slides and air dried at 37°C for at least 2 h. The tissue sections were rehydrated with PBS, blocked with 20% NGS and 2% BSA in 0.3% PBS/Triton X-1 00 (PBST) for 1 hr, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The following primary antibodies and concentrations were used: mouse monoclonal antibody Zpr-1 (1:200, University of Oregon) for labelling cones and mouse monoclonal anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (1:400, Millipore, Billerica, MA) for labelling DA cells. The interpretation of the neuroanatomy follows the adult zebrafish brain atlas [49 ] Immunoreactions were detected using Cy3-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG diluted to 1:400 (Millipore), and the sections were counterstained with a 1:1000 dilution of 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Sigma) to label the nuclei. The slides were examined with an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The images were obtained by an Olympus CCD DP71 (Olympus) and processed using Adobe Photoshop CS (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA).
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9

Epifluorescence and Light Microscopy

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Epifluorescence and light microscopy employed an Olympus BX60 equipped with CCD DP71 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Regarding total cell counts, cells in cultures were stained using SYBR Green I solution (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 10 min, and filtered using a 0.2-μm-pore polycarbonate membrane (Merck, Burlington, MA, USA). Under the microscope, at least ten randomly selected fields containing more than 50 cells per field were used for quantification; the numbers of cells were counted manually.
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10

Histological Analysis of Zebrafish Tissues

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After the adult zebrafish had been exposed to the alcohol, their eyes and brain tissues were harvested and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The tissues were routinely processed for paraffin embedding, and 8-mm-thick sections were cut and mounted onto glass slides. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the sections were evaluated and photographed using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with an Olympus CCD DP71 (Olympus).
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