Gallic acid

HFD (65.75% basal chow, 20% sucrose, 10% lard, 3% egg yolk powder, 1% cholesterol, 0.25% pig bile salt) was purchased from Beijing Sibeifu Bioscience Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Irbesartan was obtained from Sanofi Winthrop Industrie (France). STZ was purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) assay kits test kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Rat interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was obtained from Multi Science Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Reference standards of ferulic acid, atractylodin, tanshinone, astragaloside, hyperoside, loganin, gallic acid, morroniside, allantoin, oleanic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, paeoniflorin, vaccarin, pyrrolidinium, leonurine, and catalpol were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

The chemical reference standards, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, corilagin, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulinic acid were provided by Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Formic acid (HPLC grade) was bought from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and olive oil (medicinal, ≥ 99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ ) (anhydrous, ≥ 99.0%) was bought from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Silymarin (Legalon®) was purchased from Madaus (Cologne, Germany). Commercial diagnostic kits of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) assay kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). TGF-β1 ELISA kits were purchased from MultiSciences Biotech Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Collagen IV (Col IV), type III precollagen (PC III), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), protein carbonyl (PC), and TNF-α, TL-1β, and IL-6 ELISA kits were obtained by Shanghai Enzyme Link Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).