Influvac

Manufactured by Abbott

Sourced in Netherlands

Influvac is a laboratory diagnostic equipment manufactured by Abbott. It is designed to detect and identify influenza viruses. The core function of Influvac is to assist in the analysis and diagnosis of influenza infections.

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Lab products found in correlation

Vaxigrip, by Sanofi (5 mentions) V bottom 96 well plate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Fluenz, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions) Dulbecco phosphate buffered saline (dpbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

12 protocols using influvac

Oscillococcinum for Influenza Prevention in COPD

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After recruitment into the study, the treating clinician ensured that each patient, if not previously vaccinated against influenza, was vaccinated during or within a few days of the first consultation. The vaccine used was either Influvac (Abbott Laboratories) or Vaxigrip (Sanofi Pasteur).
Patients in the OV group also received Oscillococcinum (Laboratoires Boiron, France), a diluted and dynamized extract of Muscovy duck liver and heart (Anas barbariae hepatis et cordis extractum; one oral dose per week from inclusion in the study until the end of the follow-up, with a maximum of 6 months of follow-up over the winter season).
Oscillococcinum is made by the ‘Korsakovian’ or single-flask method, wherein the extractum is shaken in a flask and then poured out. A water/alcohol mixture is added to dilute the liquid that remains on the walls of the flask (approximately 1%). This new dilution is succussed and poured out. The process is conducted serially a total of 200 times, to give a ‘200K’ dilution or ‘potency’.
Oscillococcinum was administered according to the recommended dosage schedule of one oral dose per week, from inclusion in the study until the end of follow-up, with a maximum of 6 months of follow-up over the winter season.
All other treatments for COPD were administered according to clinical criteria and in line with normal clinical practice.32 (link)

Aouina H., Bamri A., Vesin A., Danno K., Aubry E., Faure C, & Boujedaini N. (2021). Oscillococcinum® for upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations in COPD: an observational, prospective study (OXITUNIS). Drugs in Context, 10, 2021-4-2.

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Comparative Analysis of Influenza Vaccines

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Influvac (“Abbott biologicals” B.V., Netherlands)—inactivated subunit influenza vaccine, Vaxigrip (“Sanofi Pasteur,” France)—inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine for influenza prevention. These vaccines contain hemagglutinin of the influenza virus type A subtypes A/H1N1 ℵ A/H3N2 (15 μg each) and hemagglutinin of the influenza virus type B (15 μg). Grippol plus (LLC “NPO Petrovax Pharm,” Russia)—trivalent polymer subunit inactivated influenza vaccine. It contains hemagglutinin of the influenza virus type A subtypes A/H1N1 ℵ A/H3N2 and hemagglutinin of the influenza virus type B (5 μg each), and immunoadjuvant Azoxymer bromide (Polyoxidonium) (500 μg). All the vaccines contained current influenza virus strains for epidemiological seasons 2015–2016 and 2016–2017.
The drug product “Grippol plus” is available only in the composition with an adjuvant. There is no similar subunit vaccine with a similar structure containing 5 μg of antigens in one vaccination dose without an adjuvant.

Kostinov M.P., Akhmatova N.K., Khromova E.A, & Kostinova A.M. (2020). Cytokine Profile in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes Exposed to Immunoadjuvant and Adjuvant-Free Vaccines Against Influenza. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1351.

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Influenza vaccine and Candida albicans stimulation assay

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The influenza seasonal vaccines Influvac (Abbott, trivalent influenza vaccine) and Inflexal V (Crucell, trivalent influenza vaccine) were used at a concentration of 5 μg/ml for stimulation assays. Candida albicans SC5314 strain was processed in house. Briefly, C. albicans was cultured in YPD medium for 16 hours at 30°C, extensively washed in PBS, and heat inactivated at 65°C for 30 minutes. Ratio used for stimulation assays was three particles per monocyte. Lysate was prepared from mixed cultures of conidia and hyphae. Tetanus toxoid was obtained from Novartis Vaccines (Siena, Italy) and used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml for stimulation assays.

Hu M., Notarbartolo S., Foglierini M., Jovic S., Mele F., Jarrossay D., Lanzavecchia A., Cassotta A, & Sallusto F. (2022). Clonal composition and persistence of antigen‐specific circulating T follicular helper cells. European Journal of Immunology, 53(2), 2250190.

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Long-term Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Vaccine

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An open-label 5-year extension of a single-arm clinical trial was conducted in HCWs (Haukeland University Hospital, Norway) vaccinated with the 2009 AS03-adjuvanted pandemic H1N1pdm09 vaccine (www.Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01003288). The study was approved by the regional ethics committee (REKVest-2012/1772) and the Norwegian Medicines Agency.^{35 (link)} All participants provided written informed consent before inclusion and new consent for the follow-up blood samples. During 2010–2013, HCWs were annually vaccinated with the non-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent inactivated vaccine (Vaxigrip, Sanofi Pasteur or Influvac, Abbott Laboratories) containing the H1N1pdm09 as the A/H1N1 component and different A/H3N2 and B viruses (Fig. 1). Serum samples were collected pre- and 21 days postvaccination for each season from 2009 to 2013. HCWs who provided additional PBMC samples pre- and 21-day postvaccination in 2012 and 2013 were included in this study.
Sera were separated from clotted blood and stored at −80 °C until analyzed. PBMC were isolated and cryopreserved at −150 °C in 90% fetal bovine serum/10% dimethyl sulfoxide until analyzed.^{12 (link)}

Trieu M.C., Zhou F., Lartey S.L., Sridhar S., Mjaaland S, & Cox R.J. (2018). Augmented CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses after repeated annual influenza vaccination with the same vaccine component A/H1N1pdm09 over 5 years. NPJ Vaccines, 3, 37.

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Hemagglutination Assay for HA Protein

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HA protein content was determined using the hemagglutination assay as described elsewhere (Carvalho et al., 2018 (link); Sequeira et al., 2018 (link)). Briefly, samples were serially diluted 1:2 or 1:3 with DPBS(−/−) 1X (14190-169, Gibco) in V-bottom 96-well plates (Thermo Scientific) and gently mixed 1:1 with 1% chicken erythrocytes (Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH). An influenza vaccine (Influvac, Abbott) was used as a positive control, with known concentration. Plates were incubated at 4°C for at least 30 min. Hemagglutination was inspected visually and HA titer was estimated as being the inverse of the highest dilution of the sample that completely inhibited hemagglutination.

Carvalho S.B., Silva R.J., Sousa M.F., Peixoto C., Roldão A., Carrondo M.J, & Alves P.M. (2022). Bioanalytics for Influenza Virus-Like Particle Characterization and Process Monitoring. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 805176.

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Comparative Pandemic and Seasonal Flu Vaccines

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The 2009 pandemic vaccine was the AS03-adjuvanted split virus vaccine, containing 3.75 μg hemagglutinin of A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) (Pandemrix, GlaxoSmithKline-GSK, Belgium). The trivalent seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV; either subunit [Influvac, Abbott Laboratories] or split-virion [Vaxigrip, Sanofi Pasteur]) contained 15 μg hemagglutinin per strain and was used from 2010/2011 to 2013/2014. The A/H1N1 strain was A/California/07/2009(H1N1) throughout the study, although the A/H3N2 and B viruses changed between seasons.

Trieu M.C., Jul-Larsen Å., Sævik M., Madsen A., Nøstbakken J.K., Zhou F., Skrede S, & Cox R.J. (2018). Antibody Responses to Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 Virus After Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Healthcare Workers: A 5-Year Follow-up Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 68(3), 382-392.

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Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Comparison

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The trivalent seasonal IIV was either subunit (Influvac, Abbott Laboratories) or split-virion (Vaxigrip, Sanofi Pasteur) containing 15 μg HA per strain. The trivalent LAIV contained 10⁷ fluorescent focus units (FFU) of each strain (FLUENZ, AstraZeneca). The A/H3N2 viruses changed between seasons from A/Perth/16/2009 in 2010-11 and 2011-12 to A/Victoria/361/2011 in 2012-13 and 2013-14.

Ertesvåg N.U., Cox R.J., Lartey S.L., Mohn K.G., Brokstad K.A, & Trieu M.C. (2022). Seasonal influenza vaccination expands hemagglutinin-specific antibody breadth to older and future A/H3N2 viruses. NPJ Vaccines, 7, 67.

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Influenza Vaccination and Diet Modulation

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After a week of acclimatization, animals were randomly divided into 10 groups (Table 1) and received either control or modified diets. A schematic overview of the experimental design is shown in Figure 1. Vaccination was conducted 2 weeks after starting the diets, using Influvac (Abbott Biologicals B.V., Weesp, The Netherlands) from the 2015/2016 season, as previously described [38 (link)]. The mice received the primary and booster vaccinations via subcutaneous injections of 100 µL undiluted Influvac (containing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase antigens of three strains of myxovirus influenza, in a dose equivalent to 30 µg/mL HA per strain, in total 90 µg/mL HA) in a skin fold of the neck. The booster vaccination was given 21 days after the primary vaccination. The sham-treated group (n = 3, negative control) received injections of 100 µL PBS instead of the vaccine in order to demonstrate the specificity of the vaccine-induced response.
The animals were weighed before starting the diets (day 14) and before booster vaccination (day 21). The weight gain was calculated using the formula:

(weight on day 21) - (weight on day - 14) = weight gain (g)

Toutounchi N.S., Braber S., Hogenkamp A., Varasteh S., Cai Y., Wehkamp T., Tims S., Leusink-Muis T., van Ark I., Wiertsema S., Stahl B., Kraneveld A.D., Garssen J., Folkerts G, & van’t Land B. (2021). Human Milk Oligosaccharide 3′-GL Improves Influenza-Specific Vaccination Responsiveness and Immunity after Deoxynivalenol Exposure in Preclinical Models. Nutrients, 13(9), 3190.

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Assessing Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Pregnant Women

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This was a prospective, matched cohort study comprising two arms (pregnant and non-pregnant) and four groups—vaccinated pregnant women, unvaccinated pregnant women, vaccinated non-pregnant women, and unvaccinated non-pregnant women in the rural northeastern province of Nakhon Phanom, Thailand (Fig 1). This study was conducted during four months between 1^st June– 30^th September 2018 as nested research within a larger cohort study assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness among pregnant women in Nakhon Phanom province (Thai Clinical Trials Registry ID: TCTR20201014004). For willing participants, 2018 seasonal southern hemisphere inactivated IIV3 (Influvac^®, Abbott Biologicals B.V., The Netherlands) provided free of charge by the Thai MOPH was offered at the provincial hospital (one intramuscular dose of 0.5 ml) containing the following three antigens: A/Michigan/45/2015 A(H1N1)pdm09, A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2), and B/Phuket3073/2013 (Yamataga lineage) [22 ]. Serum antibody titers against each of the three vaccine strains were assessed on the blood collected from the participants via venipuncture on Day 0 (pre-vaccination) and Day 28 (one month post-vaccination).

Nakphook S., Patumanond J., Shrestha M., Prasert K., Chittaganpitch M., Mott J.A, & Praphasiri P. (2021). Antibody responses induced by trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Thailand: A matched cohort study. PLoS ONE, 16(6), e0253028.

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Quantification of Hemagglutinin Protein by Hemagglutination Assay

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Hemagglutinin protein was quantified
using a hemagglutination assay. The assay was carried out based on
the protocol described elsewhere^{37 (link)} with
some modifications. Briefly, 25 μL of D-PBS (14190-169, Gibco)
were added in each well of a clear, V-bottom 96 well microtiter plate
(611 V96, Sterilin). In the first well (upper left), 25 μL of
each sample was added, and then 2-fold serial dilutions (25 μL
of sample in an equal volume of PBS) were performed. The excess 25
μL from the final dilution was discarded. After this step, 25
μL of 1% chicken erythrocytes (Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Germany)
was added to each well of each serial dilution series. The plate was
incubated at 4 °C for 30 min without disturbance. As a positive
control, influenza vaccine (Influvac, Abbott) was used. The level
of hemagglutination was inspected visually for all of the wells, and
the highest dilution capable of agglutinating chicken erythrocytes
was determined.
We have plotted the hemagglutination assay according
to the percentage (%) of HA recovery in each analyzed sample. This
percentage is determined according to eq 1:

Carvalho S.B., Freire J.M., Moleirinho M.G., Monteiro F., Gaspar D., Castanho M.A., Carrondo M.J., Alves P.M., Bernardes G.J, & Peixoto C. (2016). Bioorthogonal Strategy for Bioprocessing of Specific-Site-Functionalized Enveloped Influenza-Virus-Like Particles. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 27(10), 2386-2399.

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