Spectrum rx1

All material that used in this work were prepared from Aldrich and Merck international companies. The deacetylation degree of CS was 75% and the molecular weight and degree hydrolysis of PVA are 44.05 g mol⁻¹ and >98%, respectively. The prepared nanobiocomposite was investigated by versatile analysis such as FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, VSM, and TGA. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum was performed by PerkinElmer Spectrum RX1 instrument. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis was done by Bruker device (D8 Advance model). FE-SEM images were taken by TESCAN (MIRA III model) device, Czech Republic. EDX analysis was applied by TESCAN MIRA II X-Max, France. As well as, VSM and TGA analysis was performed by LBKFB model-magnetic Kashan Kavir device and BahrSTA 504 under the argon atmosphere and the rate of 10 °C min⁻¹, respectively. All analyses well proved the synthesis of bio-nanocomposite CS hydrogel–PVA/SF/Fe₃O₄. Based on the amount of saturated magnetism, the evaluation of hyperthermia application of nanocomposite synthesized was evaluated by system (NATSYCO, Iran) device.

A zetasizer (Particle Sizing Systems, Port Richey, FL, USA) was used to measure the particle size, PDI, and zeta potential of CSNPs and CSNP–SSL at 37 °C. Each measurement was repeated thrice, and the results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Each sample was properly diluted with DW before testing. UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to assess optical characteristics (Model Perkin Elmer Lambda). The FTIR spectra were collected over a range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using Perkin-Elmer (Spectrum-RX1, USA) FTIR spectroscopy. An X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was used to conduct the XRD studies in 10–80° range using CuKα as the radiation source (k = 1.5418) produced at 30 kV and 30 mA. SEM was used to observe the morphologies of CSNPs and CSNP–SSL (SEM, Jeol FESEM JSM-7600F). TEM Images from a Tecnai F-12 JEOL-JEM 2100 TEM were captured at a 200 kV accelerating voltage. CSNPs and CSNP–SSL samples were homogeneously mixed with DW in an ultrasonic bath before being poured onto air-dried copper grids placed on filter paper and then dried at room temperature. The particle diameter size distribution versus frequency percentage of CSNPs and CSNP-SSL was calculated by measuring 50 particles with 100 m²/g specific surface area using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

The FTIR analysis of the zinc oxide nanoparticles was performed by a Perkin Elmer brandModel Spectrum RX1 (Range 400–4000 cm⁻¹).

Recording of IR spectra was carried out as described previously (Ray et al. 2013 (link)) and recorded on a Fourier transform IR spectrophotometer (FT-IR spectrometer, Spectrum RX 1, PerkinElmer, USA). The ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 600 spectrometer (Bruker Biospin AG, Fallanden, Switzerland) operating at 600 MHz, respectively, for ¹H. The samples (~10 mg of each) were heated (at 80 °C for 30 min) with water (1 mL) and centrifuged, and the resulting supernatant was lyophilized. The freeze-dried sample was deuterium-exchanged by lyophilization with D₂O (Sigma–Aldrich) and then examined in D₂O (99.96 atom% D).