The λ-carrageenan (22049, Sigma Aldrich, Germany) was prepared as stock solution at 10 mg/mL. Plantlets were treated with λ-carrageenan at 250 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1500 ppm respectively. Control plantlets were treated with distilled water. Treatment was applied twice via soil drench with an interval of one week, which are at the 1st day of treatment and the 8th day of treatment. Growth parameters such as plant height, root length, pseudostem diameter, and fresh weight were measured a day before treatment and a week after treatment. Leaf samples were collected from three biological replicates for each treatment and kept at − 80 °C. The experiment was repeated three times under identical experimental conditions.
λ carrageenan
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France
λ-carrageenan is a type of polysaccharide that is extracted from certain species of red seaweed. It is commonly used as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications. The core function of λ-carrageenan is to modify the rheological properties of aqueous solutions, enabling the creation of desired textures and consistencies.
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Formaldehyde, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Capsaicin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Triton x 100, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Diclofenac sodium, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Compound 48 80, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
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Histamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
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98 protocols using λ carrageenan
1
Effects of λ-Carrageenan on Plant Growth
2
Immunohistochemical Detection of mCherry
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To immunohistochemically detect mCherry, slides were washed 3× for 5 min in PBS, incubated in 0.3% Triton X-100, 5% donkey serum, and 0.02% sodium azide in PBS for 1 h at RT followed by incubation with anti-ds-red (1:1000, recognizes mCherry) in PBS containing 0.5% λ-carrageenan (Sigma) and 0.02% sodium azide overnight at 4 °C. The next day slides were washed 3× for 5 min with PBS containing 0.5% Tween 20 (PBS+Tween), incubated with Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit in PBS containing 0.5% λ-carrageenan (Sigma) and 0.02% sodium azide and washed 3× for 5 min in PBS+Tween. Nuclei were stained with bisbenzimide solution (1:2000 in 0.1 M PBS, 5 min at RT) and coverslipped with Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech). Images were taken using either a Zeiss Axioskop or a Zeiss Axio Scan Z1 epifluorescence microscope.
3
Evaluation of PPARγ Antagonist Effects
4
Carrageenan-Induced Acute Inflammation
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As a comparator for gene expression study, a model of acute inflammation was also studied. Under brief anaesthesia (isoflurane 2.5–3% in O2 at 1 l/min flow), rats received either an intraplantar injection of 2% λ-carrageenan 100 μl (Sigma, UK) (n = 6) or vehicle (0.9% saline; n = 7) into the glabrous surface of the left hindpaw [25 (link)].
5
Synthesis of Salicylic Acid Derivatives
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Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), propylene glycol, and λ-carrageenan were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid, ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and other solvents were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
6
Pharmacological Agents Used in Neuroscience
7
Aspirin Nanoparticle Characterization
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Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co (St Louis, MO, USA). Chemicals used in the preparation of aspirin NE, including propylene glycol monolaurate type II (Lauroglycol), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol), polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), deionized water, and λ-carrageenan were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for characterization of nanoparticles (shape and size) (Figure 1 ).
8
Formulation and Characterization of Copaiba Balsam-Based Hydrogel
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Copaiba balsam oil, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-40 hydrogenated castor oil, trans-Res with 99.9% purity, and λ-carrageenan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA), PharmaSpecial, (Itapevi, SP, Brazil), Galena (Portland, OR, USA), and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively. Water was purified and deionized using a Milli-Q system obtained from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). All other reagents were commercially available and used without further purification.
9
Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Assay
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This test was adapted from Winter et al. (9 (link)). The mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=5): Negative Control (PBS 10.0 mL/kg), Positive Control (PBS 10.0 mL/kg), 2.0 mg/kg dexamethasone (Dex), and COPHCT at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg. The volume of the right hind paw of the mice was first measured (baseline) using a digital micrometer (Digimess, 100.174BL, Brazil). Then, the animals received a subplantar (sp) injection of 50 μL of 1.0% λ-carrageenan (Sigma® Aldrich, USA) or PBS (Negative Control group), and they were treated intragastrically (ig), as aforementioned. The percentage of the edema was determined by calculating the difference between the baseline measurement and the right hind paw volume evaluated 0 (soon after treatment administration), 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after treatments (t0, t1, t2, t3, and t4).
10
Pharmacological Modulation of Lipid Mediators
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